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Upsc toppers notes 2023:, aditya srivastava rank - 1, animesh pradhan rank - 2, ruhani rank - 5, srishti dabas rank - 6, nausheen rank - 9, aishwaryam prajapati rank - 10, kush motwani rank - 11, aniket shandilya-12, medha anand rank - 13, ayan jain rank - 16, swati sharma rank - 17, shivam kumar rank - 19, pururaj singh solanki rank - 21, saurabh sharma-23, prajnanandan giri-24, ritika verma-25, rupal rana-26, nandala saikiran-27, pawan kumar goel-28, vishnu sasikumar-31, zufishan haque-34, ayushi pradhan-36, animesh verma-38 ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​, deepti rohilla-39, archana p p-40, khode sameer prakash-42, akanchha singh-44, upsc toppers notes 2022:.

Ishita Kishore Rank - 1

Uma Haritha N Rank - 3

Waseem Ahmad Bhat Rank - 7

Aniruddh Yadav Rank - 8

• Parsanjeet Kour Rank - 11
• Abhinav Siwach Rank - 12
• Vidushi Singh Rank - 13
• Kritika Goyal Rank - 14
• Siddharth Shukla Rank - 18
• Anoushka Sharma Rank - 20
• Sankhe Kashmira Kishor Rank - 25
• Yadav Suryabhan Achchhelal Rank - 27
• Ankita Puwar Rank - 28
• Pourush Sood Rank - 29
• Preksha Agrawal Rank - 30
• Priyansha Garg Rank - 31
• Tharun Patnaik Madala Rank - 33
• Damini M Das Rank-345

UPSC Toppers Notes 2021:

(Download) UPSC ANCIENT HISTORY HANDWRITTEN NOTES PDF

• Shruti Sharma Rank-1
• Gamini Singla Rank - 3
• Aishwarya Verma Rank - 4
• Utkarsh Dwivedi Rank - 5
• Yaksh Chaudhary Rank - 6
• IFOS TOPPER 2021 : Aproov Dixit (AIR-11) GEOLOGY Notes PDF

UPSC Toppers Notes 2020:

• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Shubham Kumar Rank - 1, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Jagrati Awasthi Rank - 2, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Ankita Jain Rank - 3, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Mamta Yadav Rank - 5, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Praveen Kumar Rank - 7, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Jivani Kartik Nagjibhai Rank - 8, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Satyam Gandhi Rank - 10, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Mithun Premraj Rank - 12, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Karishma Nair Rank - 14, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Ria Dabi Rank - 15, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Arth Jain Rank - 16, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Sarthak Agrawal Rank - 17, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Radhika Gupta Rank - 18, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes P Srija Rank - 20, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Sadaf Choudhary Rank - 23, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Vaibhav Rawat Rank - 25, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Maithreyi Naidu Rank - 27, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Divya Mishra Rank - 28, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Prakhar Kumar Singh Rank - 29, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Divyanshu Choudhary Rank - 30, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Y Megha Swaroop Rank - 31, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Simrandeep Singh Rank - 34, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Narwade Vinayak Karbhari Rank - 37, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Varuna Agrawal Rank - 38, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Divyanshu Nigam Rank - 44, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Anil Basak Rank - 45, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Jubin Mahapatra Rank - 46, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Vinayak Chamadia Rank - 47, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Sai Manasa N C Rank - 48, 2020
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• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Nisha Rank - 51, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Vidhu Shekhar Rank - 54, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Utkarsh Kumar Rank - 55, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Jayant Nahata Rank - 56, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Faizan Ahmed Rank - 58, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Shailja Pandey Rank - 61, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Shivakshi Dixit Rank - 64, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Anisha Shrivastav Rank - 66, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Akshita Gupta Rank - 69, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Saloni Verma Rank - 70, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Laxman Tiwari Rank - 71, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Kalpesh Kumar Sharma Rank - 73, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Srishti Singh Rank - 78, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Subhankar Bala Rank - 79, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Ravi Kumar Rank - 84, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Ayushi Jain Rank - 85, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Garima Nautiyal Rank - 86, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Rickey Agarwal Rank - 87, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Prakhar Jain Rank - 90, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Aakash Shrishrimal Rank - 94, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Aishwarya Singh Rank - 97, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Sonu Bhatt Rank - 99, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Adarsh Kant Shukla Rank - 149, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Catherine Saranya Rank - 157, 2020

NEW! (Download) UPSC TOPPER 2020 : Sumit Pandey (AIR-337) Hindi Literature IAS Study Notes PDF

• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Bhanu Pratap Singh Rank - 372, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Girdhari Lal Meena Rank - 387, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Vipin Kumar Dwivedi Rank - 557, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Ravindra Kumar Meena Rank - 628, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Bharti Meena Rank - 669, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Sunil Kumar Dhanwanta Rank - 683, 2020
• NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Notes Subhash Chandra Meena Rank - 737, 2020

NEW!    (Download) UPSC TOPPER 2019 : Sarjana Yadav (AIR-126) SOCIOLOGY Strategy Notes PDF 

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Healthcare Sector in India

Syllabus: GS2/Health/GS3/Indian Economy

• Credit rating agency ICRA has released a research report on the Indian hospital industry.

Key Highlights of the Report

• Post Covid, the government healthcare expenditure has increased from 1.2-1.4 percent to 1.6-2.2 percent of GDP.

• Average revenue per occupied bed day (ARPOB) increased from ₹34,277 to ₹49,836 during FY20-H1 FY24.
• India has one of the lowest per capita bed counts in the world.

Healthcare Sector of India

• Healthcare Sector: It comprises hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing, telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance and medical equipment. 
• India’s healthcare delivery system is categorised into two major components – public and private. 
• Public Sector: It comprises limited secondary and tertiary care institutions in key cities and focuses on providing basic healthcare facilities in the form of Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) in rural areas. 
• Private Sector: The private sector provides the majority of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary care institutions with a major concentration in metros, tier-I, and tier-II cities.
• Medical Tourism: India ranks 10th in Medical Tourism Index (MTI) for 2020-2021 out of 46 destinations in the world. 
• The Indian medical tourism market was valued at US$ 2.89 billion in 2020 and is expected to reach US$ 13.42 billion by 2026. 

Major Challenges Faced by Healthcare Sector in India:

• The government mandated that private medical colleges must be built on at least five acres of land hence, they were built in rural areas, where there was a lack of adequately qualified, full-time doctors due to living conditions, besides low pay scales.
• The National Medical Commission (NMC) has put forward the idea to do away with the requirement of minimum five acres of land.
• The doctor-to-patient ratio remains low, which is merely 0.7 doctors per 1,000 people whereas the World Health Organisation (WHO) average is 2.5 doctors per 1,000 people. 
• Aging population and the associated increase in chronic diseases add to the healthcare burden.
• High out-of-pocket Expenditure: While public hospitals offer free health services, these facilities are understaffed, poorly equipped, and located mainly in urban areas leaving no alternatives but to access private institutions and incurring high out-of-pocket expenses in healthcare. 
• Every year, roughly 5.8 million Indians die from heart and lung diseases, stroke, cancer and diabetes. 
• Shortage of hygiene infrastructure, lack of awareness, limited access to facilities, lack of trained medical personnel, dearth of medicines and good doctors are the challenges faced by more than 70 percent of India’s population living in rural areas.
• Ensuring that the private healthcare sector serves the larger public health goals.

Measures Needed for India to become Global Healthcare Provider:

• India spends the least among BRICS countries: Brazil spends the most (9.2%), followed by South Africa (8.1%), Russia (5.3%), China (5%).
• Infrastructure Development: Invest in building and upgrading healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, and research facilities.
• Healthcare Education and Training: Strengthen medical education and training programs to produce skilled healthcare professionals.
• Research and Innovation: Foster a culture of research and innovation in healthcare. Provide incentives for pharmaceutical and biotech companies to conduct research and develop new treatments.
• Telemedicine and Digital Health: Promote the use of telemedicine and digital health solutions to increase access to healthcare services, especially in rural areas.
• Ensure a transparent and efficient regulatory framework.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourage collaborations between the government, private sector, and non-profit organizations to leverage resources and expertise.
• Develop innovative financing models to fund healthcare projects and initiatives.
• Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Focus on preventive healthcare measures to reduce the burden of diseases.
• Encourage healthcare facilities to obtain international accreditation to enhance their credibility.
• Improve visa and travel infrastructure to attract patients from other countries.

Recent steps Taken by the Government for the Growth of Healthcare Sector

• National Digital Health Mission (NDHM): Launched in 2020, NDHM aims to create a digital health ecosystem, including health IDs for citizens and the establishment of a national digital health infrastructure.
• Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY): AB-PMJAY, launched in 2018, is a national health protection scheme that provides financial protection to over 100 million families for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
• National Health Policy 2017: The National Health Policy outlines the government’s vision to achieve the highest possible level of health and well-being for all and emphasizes preventive and promotive healthcare.
• Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs): The government is working towards transforming primary health centers into HWCs to provide comprehensive primary healthcare services, including preventive and promotive care.
• Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY): PMSSY aims to enhance tertiary care capacities and strengthen medical education in the country by setting up new AIIMS (All India Institutes of Medical Sciences) institutions and upgrading existing government medical colleges.
• Research and Development Initiatives: The government has been encouraging research and development in healthcare, including support for the development of vaccines, drugs, and medical technologies.
• National Medical Commission (NMC) Act: The NMC Act, passed in 2019, aims to bring reforms in medical education and practice by replacing the Medical Council of India (MCI) and promoting transparency and accountability.
• Jan Aushadhi Scheme: The Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) aims to provide quality generic medicines at affordable prices through Jan Aushadhi Kendras.
• There is a need to adopt technology wherever possible to streamline the operational and clinical processes for healthcare facilities in order to manage efficient patient flow.
• In addition, there is the challenge to think beyond the obvious and promote virtual care protocols, and telehealth services, which can be leveraged to reduce the patient-load burden to a large extent.
• To sum it up, there is an urgency to make healthcare service and service providers more transparent operationally. 
• This will help ensure people and processes can be made easily accountable to provide better healthcare services. 
• News In Short- 21-08-2024
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• India and Malaysia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership
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• Topic Wise Essay Questions From UPSC Mains 1994 2018

Last 25 Years Topic-wise Essay Questions From UPSC Mains (1994 - 2018)

Paper I of the UPSC Civil Services mains exam is the Essay. Here, prelims-qualified IAS aspirants have to write two essays out of a few given topics. The paper is for a total of 250 marks and its marks are taken into consideration for the Final Merit List. In this article, we have listed all the essay topics asked in the UPSC mains exam from 1994 to 2018. We have also classified the last 25 years essay questions into topics to make your preparation easier.

Latest – See the UPSC Essay Topics in the IAS Mains 2020 Essay Paper. Download UPSC Mains 2020 Essay Paper from the linked article.

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UPSC Essay Topics

Administration.

• Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. (1994)
• Politics without ethics is a disaster. (1995)
• The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy. (1996)
• Need for transparency in public administration. (1996)
• The country’s need for a better disaster management system. (2000)
• How should a civil servant conduct himself? (2003)

Democracy/India since independence

• Whither Indian democracy? (1995)
• What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. (1997)
• Why should we be proud of being Indians? (2000)
• What have we gained from our democratic set-up? (2001)
• How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? (2003)
• National identity and patriotism. (2008)
• In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy. (2012)
• Is the colonial mentality hindering India’s success? (2013)
• Dreams which should not let India sleep. (2015)
• Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task. (2018)

Economic growth and development

• Resource management in the Indian context. (1999)
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country. (2013)
• Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? (2014)
• Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. (2015)
• Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. (2016)
• Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. (2016)
• Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. (2016)
• Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. (2017)

Federalism, Decentralisation

• The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. (1998)
• Water resources should be under the control of the central government. (2004)
• Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. (2007)
• Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? (2007)
• Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication. (2011)
• Cooperative federalism: Myth or reality. (2016)
• Water disputes between States in federal India. (2016)

Indian Culture & Society

• The Indian society at the crossroads. (1994)
• New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion. (1996)
• The composite culture of India. (1998)
• Youth culture today. (1999)
• Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. (2000)
• Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? (2000)
• As civilization advances culture declines. (2003)
• From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? (2010)
• Judicial activism. (1997)
• Judicial activism and Indian democracy. (2004)
• Justice must reach the poor. (2005)

Social justice/Poverty

• Reservation, politics and empowerment. (1999)
• Food security for sustainable national development. (2005)
• The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. (2009)
• Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for the majority of farmers in India. (2017)
• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. (2018)

Media & Society

• Misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. (1998)
• Mass media and cultural invasion. (1999)
• Responsibility of media in a democracy. (2002)
• How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? (2007)
• Role of media in good governance. (2008)
• Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? (2011)
• Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? (2014)

Environment/Urbanisation

• Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. (1997)
• Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. (2006)
• Urbanisation and its hazards. (2008)
• Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? (2010)
• We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. (2017)

Economic sectors/MNCs

• Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs. (1994)
• Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. (2006)
• BPO boom in India. (2007)
• Special economic zone: boon or bane? (2008)
• Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? (2009)
• Is the criticism that the Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified? (2012)
• Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? (2014)
• Restructuring of Indian education system. (1995)
• Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. (1996)
• Irrelevance of the classroom. (2001)
• Privatization of higher education in India. (2002)
• Modern technological education and human values. (2002)
• What is real education? (2005)
• “Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. (2006)
• Independent thinking should be encouraged right from the childhood. (2007)
• Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses? (2008)
• Credit – based higher education system – status, opportunities and challenges. (2011)
• Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? (2014)
• Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? (2014)
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil. (2015)
• Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. (2017)
• The new emerging women power: the ground realities. (1995)
• Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. (1997)
• Woman is god’s best creation. (1998)
• Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. (1999)
• Empowerment alone cannot help our women. (2001)
• Whither women’s emancipation? (2004)
• If women ruled the world. (2005)
• The hand that rocks the cradle. (2005)
• Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. (2006)
• Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal? (2012)
• If development is not engendered, it is endangered. (2016)
• Fulfillment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. (2017)

Quotes-based/Philosophy

• Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret. (1994)
• Useless life is an early death. (1994)
• Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. (1995)
• When money speaks, the truth is silent. (1995)
• Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. (1995)
• Truth is lived, not taught. (1996)
• True religion cannot be misused. (1997)
• Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. (2002)
• The paths of glory lead but to the grave. (2002)
• If youth knew, if age could. (2002)
• There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. (2003)
• Be the change you want to see in others. (2013)
• With greater power comes greater responsibility. (2014)
• Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. (2014)
• Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. (2015)
• “The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. (2018)
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. (2018)
• Attitude makes habit, habit makes character and character makes a man. (2007)
• Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin. (2008)
• Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. (2015)
• Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. (2016)
• Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. (2017)
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. (2018)
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. (2018)
• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life. (2018)

Globalisation

• Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. (1994)
• The world of the twenty-first century. (1998)
• The implications of globalization for India. (2000)
• My vision of an ideal world order. (2001)
• The masks of new imperialism. (2003)
• Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. (2004)
• ‘Globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’. (2009)
• Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. (2010)

Science & Tech

• The modern doctor and his patients. (1997)
• Value-based science and education. (1999)
• The march of science and the erosion of human values. (2001)
• Spirituality and scientific temper. (2003)
• The lure of space. (2004)
• Science and Mysticism: Are they compatible? (2012)
• Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation. (2013)
• Technology cannot replace manpower. (2015)
• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. (2018)

Internet/IT

• The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. (2000)
• Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. (2006)
• Cyberspace and Internet: Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run. (2016)
• Social media is inherently a selfish medium. (2017)

International organisations/relations

• Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities. (1996)
• India’s role in promoting ASEAN cooperation. (2004)
• Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement. (2006)
• Has the Non- Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world. (2017)
• Terrorism and world peace. (2005)
• Are we a ‘soft’ state? (2009)
• Good fences make good neighbours. (2009)
• In the Indian context, both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism. (2011)

Miscellaneous

• India’s contribution to world wisdom. (1998)
• The pursuit of excellence. (2001)
• Geography may remain the same; history need not. (2010)
• Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? (2014)
• Quick but steady wins the race. (2015)

When preparing for IAS Mains, aspirants must focus on UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practise as this will improve one’s speed, efficiency and writing skills. It will automatically help in essay writing as well. 

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Healthcare Sector in India

Last updated on August 18, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

The healthcare sector in India has grown significantly in both employment and income. Over the past two years, technology and innovation in healthcare have become more prominent, and 80% of healthcare systems plan to increase their investment in digital healthcare technologies over the next five years. Read here to learn more about the Indian Healthcare sector.

The Healthcare sector in India comprises of hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing, telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance, and medical equipment.

Due to improved services, coverage, and rising spending by both public and private entities, the Indian healthcare sector is expanding quickly.

Growing incidence of lifestyle diseases, rising demand for affordable healthcare delivery systems due to the increasing healthcare costs, technological advancements, the emergence of telemedicine, rapid health insurance penetration, and government initiatives like e-health together with tax benefits and incentives are driving the healthcare market in India.

Also read: National Medical Commission (NMC)

Table of Contents

Healthcare sector in India

The public and private sectors make up the two main components of India’s healthcare sector.

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• The government, or public healthcare system, concentrates on establishing primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in rural areas while maintaining a small number of secondary and tertiary care facilities in major cities.
• The bulk of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary care facilities are run by the private sector, with a focus on metropolises and tier-I and tier-II cities.

The abundance of highly qualified medical personnel in India is a competitive advantage. India’s costs are competitive with those of its neighbours in Asia and the West.

• Surgery in India costs roughly a tenth of what it does in the US or Western Europe.
• The low cost of healthcare has led to an increase in medical tourism in the nation, drawing people from all over the world.
• Further, due to its relatively low cost of clinical research, India has become a center for R&D activity for foreign businesses.

The Indian Medical Value Travel Market size is valued at $5-6 bn and is expected to grow to $13 bn by 2026.

• Over the years, India has become a premier and attractive destination for travelers from across the globe to attain best-in-class clinical treatment, recharge, and rejuvenate
• The high-end healthcare system in India is as good as the best in the world with complex surgical procedures being done in world-class global hospitals by acclaimed medical specialists at a much lower cost than what it normally takes in other countries
• India has also become a favored destination for Yoga and Wellness with its focus on traditional therapies through AYUSH.
• Indian hospitals are largely switching to AI for keeping health records & providing the best possible treatment to patients at the right time.

India is ranked 10th by the Medical Tourism Association on the Medical Tourism Index (MTI) for 2020-21 out of 46 destinations of the world, 12th in the top 20 wellness tourism markets globally, and 5th in wellness tourism markets in Asia-Pacific.

• India has a large number of accredited facilities, that provide care at par or above global standards.
• There are 40 Joint Commission International (JCI) accredited and 1400+ National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) accredited hospitals that provide care of quality standards.

India offers the largest pool of doctors and paramedics with high-quality medical training received globally, along with fluency in English.

Also read: Palliative Care in India

Healthcare sector in numbers

The healthcare sector in India, accounting for 80% of the total healthcare market, is witnessing a huge investor demand from both global as well as domestic investors.

• In 2020, India’s Medical Tourism market was estimated to be worth $5-6 Bn and is expected to grow to $13 Bn by 2026.
• The healthcare sector in India is expected to grow to reach a size of $50 bn by 2025.
• The digital healthcare market is expected to more than 20% by 2023.
• The Telemedicine market is the maximum potential eHealth segment in India, which is expected to touch $5.4 Bn by 2025
• In the Economic Survey of 2022, India’s public expenditure on healthcare stood at 2.1% of GDP in 2021-22 against 1.8% in 2020-21 and 1.3% in 2019-20.
• Over the next 10 years, National Digital Health Blueprint can unlock the incremental economic value of over $200 bn for the healthcare industry in India
• India has the world’s largest Health Insurance Scheme (Ayushman Bharat) supported by the government.
• 100% FDI is allowed under the automatic route for greenfield projects.
• For investments in brownfield projects, up to 100% FDI is permitted under the government route.
• To promote medical tourism in the country, the government of India is extending the e-medical visa facility to the citizens of 156 countries.
• India is emerging as a strong market for wearables, with approximately 2 million units sold in 2017, expected to reach 129 million units in 2030.
• India’s surgical robotics market is estimated to expand to hit the size of $350 mn by 2025.

Also read: Indian Health Sector Problems – Can the National Health Policy 2017 Make a Change?

The healthcare sector still faces a variety of problems, such as inadequate budget, a scarcity of healthcare staff, and inadequate infrastructure, despite substantial advancements in recent years.

• India suffers from a hospital deficit, especially in rural areas, and many of the country’s current healthcare institutions need basic supplies and equipment.
• In India, the quality of healthcare varies greatly, with insufficient regulation leading to subpar care in some private healthcare facilities and rural areas with inadequate facilities and resources.
• Over 60% of all deaths in India are caused by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) , which also have high rates of chronic illnesses like diabetes , cancer , and heart disease.
• India is one of the countries with the least mental health specialists per person.
• The government spends very little money on mental health. Poor mental health outcomes and insufficient care for those with mental illnesses are the results of this.
• The imbalance in the doctor-patient ratio is one of the most important issues. The Indian Journal of Public Health estimates that India will require 20 lakh doctors by 2030.

Read:  Violence against healthcare workers (VAHCW) in India

Government initiatives for the healthcare sector

• Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY)
• National Health Mission
• Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
• Pradhan Mantri-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) to strengthen India’s health infrastructure and improve the country’s primary, secondary and tertiary care services.
• Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission to connect the digital health solutions of hospitals across the country. Under this, every citizen will now get a digital health ID and their health record will be digitally protected.
• ‘National Medical & Wellness Tourism Board’ to promote medical and wellness tourism in India.
• National Ayush Mission, responsible for the development of traditional medicines in India, as a centrally sponsored scheme until 2026.
• MoU between India and Denmark on cooperation in health and medicine. The agreement will focus on joint initiatives and technology development in the health sector, to improve the public health status of the population of both countries.

Way forward

The healthcare sector in India is very diversified and offers numerous opportunities in each of the provider, payer, and medical technology segments.

Businesses are trying to investigate the newest dynamics and trends that will have a beneficial impact on their business as a result of the increased competition.

Medical device manufacturers have a lot of prospects in India.

• With significant capital expenditure for cutting-edge diagnostic facilities, the nation has also emerged as one of the top locations for high-end diagnostic services, serving a larger section of the populace.
• Additionally, Indian customers of medical services are more concerned with maintaining their health.
• Future demand for healthcare services is anticipated to increase due to factors such as advancing income levels, an aging population, rising health awareness, and shifting attitudes toward preventative healthcare.
• Healthcare spending increased as a result of more people having health insurance, and this trend is expected to continue over the next 10 years.

The Government aims to develop India as a global healthcare hub and is planning to increase public health spending to 2.5% of the country’s GDP by 2025.

Read:  Climate Resilient Health Systems

-Article written by Swathi Satish

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Ishita Kishore IAS Topper Rank 1 (UPSC CSE 2022) – Answer sheets & Optional Subject

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Ishita Kishore has achieved the remarkable feat of securing All India Rank 1 in the UPSC Civil Services 2022 exam. Her accomplishment has not only met but exceeded expectations with her remarkable accomplishment of this formidable examination.  

Here’s a comprehensive look into her journey , age optional subject, background , and the strategies she employed to achieve this monumental success.  

Ishita Kishore answer sheets  isn’t just a collection; it’s a revelation. It provides a backstage pass to the meticulous preparation, the intellectual acuity, and the emotional fortitude required to crack the UPSC . Emulating the strategy of UPSC topper Ishita Kishore is an invaluable approach to fortifying your Civil Services Examination (CSE) preparation.  

As you explore the answer sheets of Ishita Kishore , you will discover the nuances of answer writing, the art of time management, and the intricacies of subject mastery.  

You can download test copies that Ishita Kishore wrote at ForumIAS  during the UPSC CSE preparation journey. Gain valuable insights from the test copies and testimonials of UPSC toppers, empowering you to excel in your own UPSC journey .  

Background and Education of IAS Topper Ishita Kishore

Born in Begumpet, Hyderabad , of Telangana , Ishita spent her formative years in Bihar. After that, she settled in Delhi. She is an alumnus of Delhi University’s Shri Ram College of Commerce ( SRCC ), where she pursued her graduation in Economics (Hons). After that, she worked for Ernst and Young, a multinational firm, before, starting the preparation for UPSC exam.

Family of IAS Topper Ishita Kishore

Ishita’s family has been her pillar of strength throughout her journey. Her father is a former Indian Air Force officer, and her mother is a private school teacher. Her brother, a lawyer by profession, has also been a constant source of support.

Personal Interests and Hobbies of IAS Topper Ishita Kishore

Apart from her academic pursuits, Ishita is passionate about football . She participated in the Subroto Cup in 2012 and has competed at the national level. During her school and college days, she was actively involved in extracurricular activities, including presiding over Interact, a group sponsored by Rotary, and participating in fictitious UN meetings at school events.

Preparation Strategy of IAS Topper Ishita Kishore

Ishita’s journey to success was not without its challenges. She did not clear the UPSC prelims in her first two attempts. However, instead of being disheartened, she used these setbacks as learning experiences. She analyzed her mistakes and ensured she did not repeat them in her subsequent attempt.

She also underwent a strategic shift in her preparation after her initial attempts. This involved attending online classes and focusing on making her own notes.

As stated in newspapers as well, Ishita’s approach to the UPSC exams was rooted in discipline, sincerity, and quality learning. She emphasized the importance of consistency and believed in focusing on the quality of study rather than the number of hours.

She dedicated 40–45 hours a week to her preparation, ensuring she balanced her study time with relaxation and staying connected with family and friends.

For her, understanding the core of the subject matter was crucial. She made her own notes, limited her study sources, and ensured she did not deviate from them, especially during revision. Ishita also highlighted the significance of previous years’ UPSC prelims question papers to understand the nature of the questions.

She has also written a letter to us:

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Healthcare Sector in India

• 08 Sep 2022
• GS Paper - 2
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For Prelims: Government Policies & Interventions, Healthcare Sector in India and related Initiatives.

For Mains : Healthcare Sector in India, Challenges and Potential.

Why in News?

Healthcare has become more focused on innovation and technology over the past two years and 80% of healthcare systems are aiming to increase their investment in digital healthcare tools in the coming five years.

What is the Scenario of the Healthcare Sector in India?

• Healthcare industry comprises hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing, telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance and medical equipment.
• The government (public healthcare system), comprises limited secondary and tertiary care institutions in key cities and focuses on providing basic healthcare facilities in the form of Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) in rural areas.
• The private sector provides a majority of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary care institutions with major concentration in metros, tier-I and tier-II cities.
• The Indian healthcare sector is expected to record a three-fold rise, growing at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 22% between 2016–22 to reach USD 372 billion in 2022 from USD 110 billion in 2016.
• In the Economic Survey of 2022, India’s public expenditure on healthcare stood at 2.1% of GDP in 2021-22 against 1.8% in 2020-21 and 1.3% in 2019-20.
• In FY21, gross direct premium income underwritten by health insurance companies grew 13.3% YoY to Rs. 58,572.46 crore (USD 7.9 billion).
• The Indian medical tourism market was valued at USD 2.89 billion in 2020 and is expected to reach USD 13.42 billion by 2026.
• Telemedicine is also expected to reach USD 5.5 billion by 2025.

What are the Challenges with the Health Sector?

• Inadequate access to basic healthcare services such as shortage of medical professionals, a lack of quality assurance, insufficient health spending, and, most significantly, insufficient research funding.
• One of the major concerns is the administrations' insufficient financial allocation.
• Even neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Pakistan have over 3% of their GDP going towards the public healthcare system.
• Preventive care is undervalued in India, despite the fact that it has been shown to be quite beneficial in alleviating a variety of difficulties for patients in terms of unhappiness and financial losses.
• In India, R&D and cutting-edge technology-led new projects receive little attention.
• Policymaking is undoubtedly crucial in providing effective and efficient healthcare services. In India, the issue is one of supply rather than demand, and policymaking can help.
• In India, there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals.
• According to a study presented in Parliament by a minister, India is short 600,000 doctors.
• Doctors work in extreme conditions ranging from overcrowded out-patient departments, inadequate staff, medicines and infrastructure.

What is the Potential of the Indian Health Sector?

• India's competitive advantage lies in its large pool of well-trained medical professionals . India is also cost competitive compared to its peers in Asia and western countries. The cost of surgery in India is about one-tenth of that in the US or Western Europe.
• India has all the essential ingredients for the exponential growth in this sector, including a large population, a robust pharma and medical supply chain, 750 million plus smartphone users, 3 rd largest start-up pool globally with easy access to VC (Venture Capital Fund) funding and innovative tech entrepreneurs looking to solve global healthcare problems.
• India will have about 50 clusters for faster clinical testing of medical devices to boost product development and innovation.
• The sector will be driven by life expectancy, shift in disease burden, changes in preferences, growing middle class, increase in health insurance, medical support, infrastructure development and policy support and incentives.
• As of 2021, the Indian healthcare sector is one of India’s largest employers as it employs a total of 4.7 million people. The sector has generated 2.7 million additional jobs in India between 2017-22 -- over 500,000 new jobs per year

What are the Initiatives for the Health Care Sector?

• National Health Mission
• Ayushman Bharat.
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) .
• National Medical Commission
• PM National Dialysis Programme.
• Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK).
• Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK).

Way Forward

• There is an urgent need to improve the infrastructure of public hospitals, which are overburdened as a result of India's large population.
• The government should encourage private hospitals because they make a significant contribution.
• Because the difficulties are severe and cannot be tackled just by the government, the private sector must also engage.
• To improve the sector's capabilities and efficiency, more medical personnel must be inducted.
• Medical gadgets in hospitals and clinics, mobile health apps, wearables, and sensors are only a few examples of technology that should be included in this area.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? (2017)

• To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
• To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
• To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
• To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only

• National Nutrition Mission (POSHAN Abhiyaan) is a flagship programme of the Ministry of Women and Child Development, GoI, which ensures convergence with various programmes like Anganwadi services, National Health Mission, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, Swachh-Bharat Mission, etc.
• The goals of National Nutrition Mission (NNM) are to achieve improvement in nutritional status of children from 0-6 years, adolescent girls, pregnant women and lactating mothers in a time bound manner during the next three years beginning 2017- 18. Hence, 1 is correct.
• NNM targets to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia (among young children, women and adolescent girls) and reduce low birth weight of babies. Hence, 2 is correct.
• There is no such provision relating to consumption of millets, unpolished rice, coarse cereals and eggs under NNM. Hence, 3 and 4 are not correct.
• Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Q. “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (2021)

Source: PIB

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Universal Health Coverage in India

  Syllabus: GS2/ Health, Management of Social Sector, Issues Relating to Poverty & Hunger

Context: Expanding Universal Health Coverage is a complex endeavour, but leveraging data and digital technology can streamline the process.

What is UHC?

  Universal Health Coverage (UHC) refers to a healthcare system where all individuals and communities have access to the quality health services, they need without facing financial hardship. Access to quality healthcare is a fundamental right for all individuals, rather than a privilege reserved for a few.

• The Indian Constitutional provisions (Art. 39E, 42, 47) mandate the State to secure workers’ health, improve living standards, and enhance public health.
• The United Nations designated December 12th as International Universal Health Coverage Day (UHC Day) in 2017
• Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 aims to achieve universal health coverage
• India aims to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by expanding the Ayushman Bharat- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY), its flagship publicly financed health insurance (PFHI) scheme

Challenges in Implementing UHC in India:

In line with the objectives of UHC, the government has taken the following measures:

• A study in 2021 found the scheme is associated with a 21% decline in out-of-pocket health expenditure.
• Utilization of public health facilities for institutional deliveries increased from 56% to 69% in rural areas by 2019.
• National Ambulance Service-102 : Setup as part of the National Health Mission, operates 20,990 Emergency Response Service Vehicles. The ‘108’ service aims at responding within the ‘golden hour’.
• The National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) and the Essential Diagnostics Lists have been notified and are periodically updated to ensure the availability of more essential, The National Phrama Pricing Authority (NPPA) is set up to monitor the availability of drugs, identify shortages, if any, and to take remedial steps.
• The National Nutrition Mission has set an objective of reducing the undernutrition, problems of stunting by 2%.
• Under India’s G20 presidency, WHO launched the Global Initiative on Digital Health to boost investments and facilitate international health exchange.
• Under the Central Sector Scheme for setting up new AIIMS, 22 AIIMS have been approved and undergraduate courses have started in 19 AIIMS.

Technology can be leveraged in the following ways to further augment it:

• National telemedicine service of India, eSanjeevani achieved 8 crore teleconsultations in 2022.
• Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) aims to develop the backbone necessary to support the integrated digital health infrastructure.
• Mobile Health (mHealth) : mHealth is an emerging concept involving the utilization of mobile devices and technology for health services, such as appointment scheduling, remote monitoring, and medication reminders.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): analyses large amounts of health data, identifies patterns and trends, and provides insights for developing new treatments and therapies thus reducing the workload of healthcare professionals and enhancing diagnostic accuracy.
• IoT: The Internet of Things connects vital monitoring equipment giving a composite picture of the health of patients

Conclusion :

Ensuring healthcare as a right for all citizens is not only a moral imperative but also a key driver for social development and economic progress. WHO recommends reorienting health systems using the primary healthcare (PHC) approach , which can deliver 90% of essential UHC interventions.  India should build on existing systems, implementing reforms and best practices incrementally for a healthier, more prosperous future.

Insta Links:

Moving forward with a newer concept of Universal Healthcare

Prelims Link:

With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ‘ASHA’, a trained community health worker? (UPSC 2012)

• Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care check-up
• Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
• Providing information on nutrition and immunisation.
• Conducting the delivery of the baby

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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