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300+ Political Science Research Topics

Political Science is a fascinating field that deals with the study of governments, public policies, and political behavior. It encompasses a wide range of topics , from the intricacies of international relations to the workings of democratic systems. Political Science research has a crucial role in understanding these phenomena, analyzing them, and suggesting solutions to societal problems. There are various Political Science research topics that researchers can explore, and each topic offers a unique perspective on the field. In this article, we will discuss some of the most interesting Political Science research topics that have significant implications for society.

Political Science Research Topics

Political Science Research Topics are as follows:

• The effects of globalization on national sovereignty
• The role of political parties in shaping policy outcomes
• The impact of the media on political decision-making
• The effectiveness of international organizations in promoting global cooperation
• The relationship between democracy and economic development
• The influence of interest groups on political outcomes
• The role of political ideology in shaping policy preferences
• The impact of identity politics on political discourse
• The challenges of democratic governance in developing countries
• The role of social media in shaping political attitudes and behavior
• The impact of immigration on electoral politics
• The influence of religion on political participation and voting behavior
• The effects of gerrymandering on electoral outcomes
• The role of the judiciary in shaping public policy
• The impact of campaign finance regulations on electoral outcomes
• The effects of lobbying on policy outcomes
• The role of civil society in promoting democratic accountability
• The impact of political polarization on democratic governance
• The influence of public opinion on policy decisions
• The effectiveness of international sanctions in promoting human rights
• The relationship between corruption and economic development
• The role of the media in promoting government transparency
• The impact of social movements on political change
• The effects of terrorism on domestic and international politics
• The role of gender in shaping political outcomes
• The influence of international law on state behavior
• The impact of environmental policy on economic development
• The role of NGOs in promoting global governance
• The effects of globalization on human rights
• The relationship between economic inequality and political polarization
• The role of education in promoting democratic citizenship
• The impact of nationalism on international politics
• The influence of international trade on state behavior
• The effects of foreign aid on economic development
• The role of political institutions in promoting democratic stability
• The impact of electoral systems on political representation
• The effects of colonialism on contemporary political systems
• The relationship between religion and state power
• The role of human rights organizations in promoting democratic accountability
• The impact of social welfare policy on economic inequality
• The influence of cultural identity on political behavior
• The effects of globalization on cultural diversity
• The role of civil liberties in promoting democratic citizenship
• The impact of globalization on labor rights
• The effects of climate change on international politics
• The role of identity politics in promoting social justice
• The influence of populism on democratic governance
• The impact of economic sanctions on state behavior
• The role of international conflict resolution in promoting peace
• The effects of globalization on the distribution of wealth and power.
• The impact of social media on political polarization
• The effects of campaign finance laws on elections
• The role of interest groups in shaping public policy
• The effectiveness of international human rights organizations
• The causes and consequences of political corruption
• The impact of globalization on national sovereignty
• The role of the media in shaping public opinion
• The influence of public opinion on policy making
• The relationship between economic inequality and political participation
• The effects of electoral systems on representation
• The role of political parties in democratic governance
• The relationship between religion and politics
• The effectiveness of peacekeeping operations
• The impact of immigration on political systems
• The relationship between environmental policy and economic growth
• The effects of globalization on labor rights
• The effectiveness of international trade agreements
• The impact of populism on democratic institutions
• The causes and consequences of political violence
• The relationship between nationalism and globalization
• The role of international organizations in conflict resolution
• The effectiveness of international sanctions
• The impact of media ownership on news coverage
• The relationship between political culture and democracy
• The effects of social movements on policy change
• The role of civil society in democratic governance
• The relationship between gender and political participation
• The effectiveness of public-private partnerships in delivering public services
• The impact of foreign aid on economic development
• The role of civil-military relations in democratic governance
• The relationship between foreign policy and national security
• The effects of decentralization on public service delivery
• The impact of trade on labor standards
• The role of international law in regulating state behavior
• The relationship between economic sanctions and regime change
• The effects of political advertising on elections
• The role of executive power in democratic governance
• The impact of social welfare policies on poverty reduction
• The relationship between civil liberties and national security
• The effects of globalization on the environment
• The role of international organizations in promoting human rights
• The relationship between migration and security
• The impact of privatization on public service delivery
• The role of civil society in promoting social justice
• The effects of political polarization on policy making
• The relationship between international law and national sovereignty
• The impact of international aid on governance and democracy
• The impact of political polarization on democracy
• The role of social media in political activism
• The effects of lobbying on government decision-making
• The dynamics of international conflict resolution
• The impact of globalization on the power of nation-states
• The relationship between economic development and democratization
• The effectiveness of international aid in promoting democracy
• The role of international organizations in shaping global governance
• The impact of corruption on democratic institutions
• The role of the media in shaping public opinion and political outcomes
• The impact of political advertising on voter behavior
• The relationship between political participation and social identity
• The role of civil society in promoting democracy
• The impact of political parties on democratic governance
• The impact of globalization on environmental policy
• The impact of globalization on labor standards
• The impact of globalization on human rights
• The role of international law in promoting global justice
• The impact of trade policy on domestic politics
• The impact of international trade agreements on labor standards
• The impact of international trade agreements on the environment
• The impact of military spending on economic development
• The impact of military intervention on democracy
• The impact of military intervention on human rights
• The impact of military intervention on international security
• The impact of income inequality on democratic institutions
• The impact of income inequality on social welfare policy
• The impact of income inequality on public health
• The impact of income inequality on education policy
• The impact of cultural diversity on political representation
• The impact of cultural diversity on social welfare policy
• The impact of cultural diversity on education policy
• The impact of cultural diversity on public health
• The impact of social movements on economic policy
• The impact of social movements on foreign policy
• The impact of social movements on civil rights
• The impact of populism on democracy
• The impact of populism on foreign policy
• The impact of populism on economic policy
• The impact of populism on social welfare policy
• The impact of nationalism on international relations
• The impact of nationalism on domestic politics
• The impact of nationalism on economic policy
• The impact of nationalism on civil rights
• The impact of technology on political power
• The impact of technology on political participation
• The impact of technology on democracy
• The impact of social media on political communication
• The effectiveness of campaign finance regulations
• The role of interest groups in shaping policy outcomes
• The influence of media bias on public opinion
• The impact of demographic changes on electoral outcomes
• The role of identity politics in shaping political attitudes
• The effects of term limits on legislative behavior
• The relationship between authoritarianism and economic development
• The effectiveness of public opinion polls in predicting election outcomes
• The role of political parties in democratic consolidation
• The impact of judicial activism on policy outcomes
• The relationship between public opinion and policy outcomes
• The effectiveness of citizen initiatives in promoting policy change
• The impact of globalization on political institutions
• The effects of campaign advertising on voter behavior
• The relationship between nationalism and foreign policy
• The impact of voting laws on political participation
• The role of interest groups in shaping foreign policy
• The effects of social movements on political change
• The relationship between democracy and economic growth
• The effectiveness of lobbying on policy outcomes
• The impact of the media on political polarization
• The role of international norms in promoting human rights
• The relationship between government corruption and economic development
• The effectiveness of policy diffusion in promoting policy change
• The impact of trade policies on economic growth
• The role of international institutions in managing global crises
• The effects of populism on democratic governance
• The relationship between foreign aid and economic development
• The effectiveness of proportional representation systems in promoting democracy
• The impact of social media on political participation
• The role of civil liberties in democratic governance
• The effects of decentralization on governance
• The relationship between nationalism and democratic governance
• The effectiveness of public-private partnerships in promoting economic development
• The role of the military in democratic governance
• The effects of federalism on policy outcomes
• The effectiveness of conflict resolution strategies in promoting peace
• The impact of political polarization on policy outcomes
• The role of transparency in promoting democratic governance
• The effects of immigration policies on social cohesion
• The relationship between gender and political representation
• The effectiveness of international human rights law in promoting accountability
• The impact of social media on political participation and voter behavior.
• The role of the media in shaping public opinion on immigration policies.
• An analysis of the impact of economic inequality on democratic participation.
• A study of the effect of international aid on development and political stability in low-income countries.
• A comparative analysis of the political systems of China and the United States.
• An examination of the impact of political polarization on the effectiveness of democratic governance.
• The role of political parties in shaping government policies and programs.
• The impact of lobbying on government decision-making.
• An analysis of the impact of political corruption on economic development.
• The role of civil society organizations in promoting democratic governance.
• A study of the effect of public opinion on foreign policy decision-making.
• An examination of the role of interest groups in shaping environmental policy.
• The impact of globalization on the distribution of wealth and power.
• An analysis of the impact of campaign finance laws on the electoral process.
• The role of the judiciary in protecting individual rights and freedoms.
• A comparative analysis of the healthcare systems of developed countries.
• An examination of the impact of terrorism on civil liberties and human rights.
• The role of international organizations in promoting global governance.
• An analysis of the impact of social movements on political change.
• A study of the effect of political violence on democratic governance.
• The impact of political ideology on public policy.
• The role of the executive branch in shaping foreign policy.
• An examination of the impact of gender on political representation and leadership.
• The impact of climate change on global security and governance.
• A comparative analysis of the education systems of developed countries.
• An analysis of the impact of gerrymandering on electoral outcomes.
• The role of the military in shaping foreign policy and national security.
• The impact of populism on democratic governance.
• An examination of the role of civil liberties in protecting individual rights.
• The impact of political polarization on social welfare policies.
• The role of political elites in shaping public policy and decision-making.
• The impact of the media on the political agenda-setting process.
• A study of the effect of political institutions on economic growth.
• The role of international law in shaping global governance.
• The impact of nationalism on international relations.
• An analysis of the impact of immigration on social cohesion and integration.
• The role of trade agreements in shaping global economic governance.
• A comparative analysis of the electoral systems of developed countries.
• An examination of the impact of economic sanctions on global governance.
• The impact of public opinion on the implementation of social welfare policies.
• A study of the effect of military intervention on democratic governance.
• The role of international human rights law in protecting individual rights and freedoms.
• The impact of populism on social welfare policies.
• An analysis of the impact of religious institutions on political decision-making.
• The role of non-state actors in shaping global governance.
• The impact of political discourse on political behavior and attitudes.
• A study of the effect of globalization on income inequality.
• The role of international trade in shaping global economic governance.
• An examination of the impact of colonialism on modern political systems.
• The impact of regionalism on international relations.
• The role of media bias in shaping public opinion on political issues.
• An analysis of the impact of populism on democratic governance.
• A comparative study of the political systems of democratic and authoritarian regimes.
• The impact of gender on political representation and decision-making.
• A study of the effect of the European Union on national sovereignty and democracy.
• An examination of the role of civil society in promoting democracy and human rights.
• The impact of immigration on social welfare policies in developed countries.
• A comparative analysis of the healthcare systems of developed and developing countries.
• An analysis of the impact of corruption on economic development and political stability.
• The role of interest groups in shaping public policy and decision-making.
• The impact of international organizations on global governance and cooperation.
• A study of the effect of campaign finance regulations on political campaigns and electoral outcomes.
• An examination of the role of the judiciary in protecting individual rights and liberties.
• The impact of political ideology on foreign policy decision-making.
• A comparative analysis of the education systems of developed and developing countries.
• An analysis of the impact of nationalism on international relations and global governance.
• The impact of climate change on national security and foreign policy.
• A study of the effect of military intervention on human rights and democracy.
• An examination of the impact of gerrymandering on electoral outcomes and representation.
• The role of non-state actors in shaping global governance and decision-making.
• The impact of economic inequality on democratic participation and representation.
• A comparative analysis of the electoral systems of democratic and authoritarian regimes.
• An analysis of the impact of social movements on political change and decision-making.
• The role of civil liberties in protecting individual rights and freedoms.
• A study of the effect of international trade agreements on global economic governance.
• An examination of the role of interest groups in shaping environmental policy and decision-making.
• The impact of populism on social welfare policies and economic development.
• An analysis of the impact of political polarization on the effectiveness of democratic governance.
• The impact of colonialism on modern political systems and institutions.
• A study of the effect of economic sanctions on global governance and cooperation.
• An examination of the impact of religious institutions on political decision-making and human rights.
• The role of regionalism in shaping international relations and global governance.
• The impact of social media on political participation and activism.
• An analysis of the impact of international aid on development and political stability in low-income countries.
• The role of the executive branch in shaping foreign policy and national security.
• A study of the effect of political violence on democratic governance and human rights.
• The impact of trade policy on global economic governance and cooperation.
• An analysis of the impact of political corruption on economic development and political stability.
• The impact of public opinion on foreign policy decision-making and international relations.
• A study of the effect of military spending on economic growth and development.
• An examination of the role of civil society organizations in promoting democratic governance and human rights.

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Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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100 Best Political Science Research Topics

June 3, 2024

Political science is an incredibly broad and variated discipline, containing numerous subfields that attract immense amounts of research. Researchers in the field can utilize diverse empirical or theoretical methodologies, sometimes in combination. There are specialized fields based on geographic areas, time periods, political forms and institutions, and bodies of thought. Researchers might aim to impact policy, inspire advocacy, or produce knowledge about the nature of political ideas, systems, and processes. There are even sub-disciplines that focus separately on either relations or comparisons between nation-states (international relations and comparative politics, respectively). Given this expansiveness, it can be challenging to quickly pick out compelling political science research topics.

This article provides a broad sample of political science topics. Most of the topics are already the subject of intensive research, which is ultimately something to look for when identifying a topic. Understanding the themes and subfields that already structure study in the field can ultimately help toward locating a unique research interest. From there, it’s a matter of refining interests into specific topics and, eventually, questions that drive research.

Picking Political Science Research Topics

Finding political science topics usually involves doing two things, sometimes simultaneously. The first requires understanding what prominent topics already exist in the field(s). After all, this discipline has been around for many decades, with incredible amounts of published research each year. It’s best to not try to wholly reinvent the wheel in this case, or risk selecting a topic for which there is no available research. The second entails reflecting on what feels important to research. A topic could be significant because it is remarkably timely or because there is some pragmatic outcome in mind. The researcher might even have a personal connection with the topic on top of these other kinds of factors. Pursuing research that feels important is an evergreen recommendation – otherwise, research can be produced without any clear purpose or benefit in mind.

So, when picking political science research topics, consider these processes and resources:

1) Start with what interests you. Take inventory of your personal and intellectual experiences and how they might intersect with what you know about political research. How would you map your experiences geographically or historically? What themes in the political sphere grab your attention? In what ways have you and others around you interacted with formal politics? Understanding what you are motivated to learn about makes the process of selecting among political science topics more organic.

Picking Political Science Research Topics (Cont.)

2) Consider what feels urgent. Political science has a good deal of overlap with the discipline of history. But perhaps even more than historians, political scientists are committed to understanding and improving politics in the present. A great deal of tremendous scholarship is sparked from this presentist impulse. What news items are persistently interesting or seem to revolve around intractably complex problems? A topic connected to widely recognized issues in the present will almost immediately justify the resulting research.

3) Survey field categories and literature. Usually, topics that are timely will already be drawing attention from other researchers. It’s also possible to spark curiosity through understanding how others have framed topics and questions. However, the most important reason for this step is to ensure that a research topic will have enough published writing around it to warrant attention. There are many ways to complete a survey within or across political science fields. To start, fields like comparative politics have field-specific journals and anthologies with useful descriptions and citations. There is the Journal of Comparative Politics , a journal called Comparative Political Studies , and a big anthology called Comparative Politics: A Practical Guide . Another extremely helpful resource is the research database known as Oxford Bibliographies . There, political science scholars compile bibliographic entries that define subfields and provide key citations.

Again, these are not strictly sequential steps. Often, it’s necessary to engage existing topics and research questions and use them to inspire reflection on what feels significant. Or it’s likely that specific interests will help delimit subfields, making it easier to comb through topics.

It’s important to narrow topics so that a researcher could reasonably become an expert on. In Oxford Bibliographies, many times they break very broad topics into multiple subtopics, each with its own body of literature. But it can also be useful to think about the research question that might stem from the broad topic. What specifically is it that needs to be known about this topic? What causes and effects are involved in phenomena we can see and describe but have not yet analyzed? Or what can be critiqued, evaluated, improved or replaced? Finding how a broad topic can lead to descriptive, analytical, or evaluative research questions is the most effective way to identify compelling and specific topics.

The List – Political Science Research Topics (1-30)

African politics.

1) African Ethnic, Linguistic, and Religious Minority Political Representation

2) Authoritarianism in the Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa

3) Comparative Political Structures of African Urban Governments

4) Democratization Policies and Political Movements in Africa

5) Ethnic and Religious Plurality in the Politics of Nigeria

6) National and Transnational LGBTQ Political Movements in Africa

7) Political Organization Around Climate Crises in Africa

8) Public Opinion on International NGOs in Africa

9) South Africa’s Governmental Policies for COVID Vaccination

10) Women in African Politics

Asian Politics

11) Competing Claims to Sovereignty in the South China Sea

12) Economic and Cultural Effects of China’s One-Child Policy

13) Labor Politics in China

14) Media Politics and Expression in Asian Countries

15) Nationalism and Religious Minorities in India

16) Philippine Politics and the Illicit Drug Economy

17) Social Movements in East Asia

18) South Korean Policies Addressing Demographic Decline

19) Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong

20) Youth Protest Movements in Taiwan

Comparative Politics

21) Authoritarian Populism in Brazil, Hungary, and India

22) Countries that Host Foreign-Owned Nuclear Weapons

23) Diasporas and National Politics in South and East Asian Countries

24) Differences in Environmental Politics Between the Global North and Global South

25) Elections in Sierra Leone and Their Differences from Other Countries

26) Governmental Responses to Gang Violence in Different Latin American Countries

27) Income Inequality in Advanced Democracies

28) Indigenous Rights and Politics in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

29) Laws Surrounding Abortion in the U.S. and the U.K.

30) State Legitimacy and Authority in Botswana and Somalia

Political Science Topics (31-60)

European politics.

31) Authoritarianism and Media Politics in Turkey

32) Austerity, White Identity Politics, and Brexit

33) Ethnic and Religious Minority Representation in the European Union

34) European Public Opinion on Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine

35) Far-Right Political Mobilization in Europe

36) France’s Political Opposition to Multicultural Pluralism

37) Immigration, Islamophobia, and European Union Political Campaigns

38) Political Challenges and Opportunities for European Integration

39) Regime Transitions in Post-Communist Eastern Europe

40) Welfare State Development in Western Europe

International Relations

41) Border Security Politics, Immigration, and International Relations

42) Efficacy of International Criminal Justice Bodies

43) Energy Politics of International Relations

44) Global Economy of Illicit Drugs

45) Global Politics of Intellectual Property

46) International Conflict Management

47) International NGOs and Their Effects on National Politics

48) Political Responses to Transboundary Pollution

49) Preferential Trade Agreements and Tariff Wars

50) Regulation of International Private Corporations

Latin American Politics

51) Authoritarianism and Democratization in Brazil’s Political History

52) Christian Transnational Political Mobilization in Latin America

53) Electoral Volatility and Suppression in Venezuela

54) Government Responses to Organized Crime in Mexico and Central America

55) Guerilla Insurgencies in Latin America

56) Neoliberalism and Democracy in Latin America

57) Military Government in Latin America, 1959-1990

58) Populism’s Role in Shaping Latin American Politics

59) Poverty, Inequality, and Development in Latin America

60) Regional Economic, Political, and Cultural Integration in Latin America

Political Science Research Topics (61-90)

Methodology.

61) Accuracy and Reliability of Models Predicting Election Outcomes

62) Applying Game Theory to Understand Political Strategies

63) Development of Survey Methods and Research

64) Ethical Problems Surrounding the Use of Experiments in Political Research

65) Experimental Methods for Promoting Voter Turnout

66) Impact of Survey Design and Sampling Techniques on Validity in Public Opinion Polls

67) Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Political Research

68) Machine Learning Techniques and Political Science

69) Researching Politics Through Big Data

70) Using Ethnography to Study Political Behavior and Institutions

Middle Eastern Politics

71) Comparative Politics of the Middle East and North Africa

72) Democracy, Statehood, and the Israel-Palestine Peace Process

73) Immigrant Labor Politics in Oil-Rich Middle East Countries

74) Mobilization and Oppression Through Media Control in the Arab Spring

75) Oil Wealth, Political Stability, and Economic Development in the Middle East

76) Political Islam, National, and International Politics in the Middle East

77) Postcolonialism and the Political Development of Iran

78) S. Foreign Policy and Its Effects on Stability and Governance in the Middle East

79) Women’s Political Participation in the Middle East and North Africa

80) Water Politics and Their Impact on Middle Easter International Relations and Security

Political Theory

81) Critical Political Theory and the Frankfurt School

82) Development of Political Thought in Ancient China

83) Effects of New Media (i.e., TVs, CDs, social messaging platforms) in Politics

84) Feminist Interventions in Political Thought

85) Hegelian and Counter-Hegelian Political Thought

86) Intersectionality in Political Theory

87) Nationalist and Cosmopolitan Political Thought

88) Religion in Classical and Contemporary Political Thought

89) Political Representation and Policy Responsiveness to Public Opinion

90) Postcolonial and Decolonial Political Theory

Political Science Topics (91-100)

U.s. politics.

91) Age and Generational Differences in U.S. Politics

92) Asian American Politics and Political Movements

93) Campaign Advertising in U.S. Elections

94) Celebrity Influence on Political Campaigns in the U.S.

95) Interest Groups and Modern U.S. Conservativism

96) Litigation Strategies in Political Contests Over Abortion

97) Politics of Electoral Redistricting in the U.S.

98) Politics of U.S. Healthcare System and Reform

99) S. Politics and Policies of Mass Incarceration

100) Voter Opinion on Women Political Candidates

Final Thoughts on Political Science Research Topics

Political science topics are rarely one-size-fits-all. Like many humanistic and other modes of research, topics typically suit the specific interests and motivations of the researcher. Do you want to improve a method or practical process? Are you interested in the politics of a specific region, or motivated to learn about something especially urgent? Where is the conversation within or across fields, and where might you have the most to contribute? Combining careful self-assessment and knowledge of research fields is the best way to effectively carve out your own chunk of the gigantic discipline that is political science.

Political Science Research Topics – Additional Resources

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Tyler holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Missouri and two Master of Arts degrees in English, one from the University of Maryland and another from Northwestern University. Currently, he is a PhD candidate in English at Northwestern University, where he also works as a graduate writing fellow.

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Computer Science > Computers and Society

Title: who would chatbots vote for political preferences of chatgpt and gemini in the 2024 european union elections.

Abstract: This study examines the political bias of chatbots powered by large language models, namely ChatGPT and Gemini, in the context of the 2024 European Parliament elections. The research focused on the evaluation of political parties represented in the European Parliament across 27 EU Member States by these generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The methodology involved daily data collection through standardized prompts on both platforms. The results revealed a stark contrast: while Gemini mostly refused to answer political questions, ChatGPT provided consistent ratings. The analysis showed a significant bias in ChatGPT in favor of left-wing and centrist parties, with the highest ratings for the Greens/European Free Alliance. In contrast, right-wing parties, particularly the Identity and Democracy group, received the lowest ratings. The study identified key factors influencing the ratings, including attitudes toward European integration and perceptions of democratic values. The findings highlight the need for a critical approach to information provided by generative AI systems in a political context and call for more transparency and regulation in this area.

Subjects:	Computers and Society (cs.CY); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
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Recent Publications

Herman Joseph S. Kraft. 2022. “ Teaching International Relations in the Philippines: Opening Spaces While Maintaining Traditional Approaches .” Contemporary Southeast Asia 44 (2): 274-288.

Ronald A. Pernia and Rogelio Alicor L. Panao. 2022. “ Delegative democratic attitude and public opinion on human rights: empirical evidence from the Philippines .” Democratization, DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2022.2141229

Panao, Rogelio Alicor L and Ronald Pernia. 2022. “Fear and Loathing or Strategic Priming? Unveiling the Audience in Duterte’s Crime Rhetoric.”  Journal of East Asian Studies, 1-22. DOI: 10.1017/jea.2022.1

Atienza, Maria Ela L., and Quilala, Dennis. 2021. “The Role of Civil Society in Disaster Response – The Philippine Experience.” In Humanitarianism in the Asia-Pacific. Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4874-5_14

Atienza, Maria Ela L., and Quilala, Dennis. 2021. “Nongovernment Organizations in Humanitarian Activities in the Philippines: Local Contributions in Post-Disaster Settings and Implications for Humanitarian Action and Diplomacy.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 6(4), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911211058146

Encinas-Franco, Jean. 2021.  “The presidential kiss: Duterte’s gendered populism, hypermasculinity, and Filipino migrants.”  NORMA, DOI: 10.1080/18902138.2022.2026107

Go, Jan Robert R. 2021. “ Political Science Research and Methodology in Contemporary Philippines: An Analysis of the Philippine Political Science Journal, 2000-2019 .” Asian Journal of Political Science Journal 29(2): 238-254. DOI: 10.1080/02185377.2021.1906289

Gloria, Enrico V. 2021.  “Justifying economic coercion: the discourse of victimhood in China’s unilateral sanctions policy.”  The Pacific Review. DOI: 10.1080/09512748.2021.1980605

Marcaida, Marielle Y. 2021. “Student Activism Offline and Online: A Mixed-Methods Study on College Students’ Protest Participation in the Philippines.” Philippine Social Sciences Review 72(1).

Marcaida, Marielle Y. 2021. “Understanding the Narratives of Pateros Mothers’ Resistance under the Philippine Drug War.”  Philippine Political Science Journal, 42(3), 238-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2165025X-bja10022

Miranda, Matthew Manuelito S. 2021. “Policy Framing and Comparative Discourse Analysis.”  Philippine Political Science Journal, 42(3), 208-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2165025X-bja10024

Tana, Maria Thaemar C. 2021. “Continuity or Change?: Prospects for Japan’s Mindanao Peacebuilding Strategy.”  Asian International Studies Review, 22(2), 143-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2667078X-bja10007

Arugay, Aries A. Sinpeng, A., and D. Gueorguiev . 2020. “Strong Fans, Weak Campaign: Social Media and Duterte in the 2016 Presidential Election.” Journal of East Asian Studies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jea.2020.11

Arugay, Aries A. 2020. “Transforming Korean Peninsula’s Insecurity through ASEAN’s Involvement.” In C.P. Hoo (ed.), The New Southern Policy: Catalyst for Deepening ASEAN-ROK Cooperation. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Strategic and International Studies Malaysia, pp. 147-158.

Arugay, Aries A. 2020. “Charmed and Weakened: China’s Diplomatic Overtures and Democratic Erosion in the Philippines.” In S.C. Hsu and J.M. Cole (eds.), Insidious Power How China Undermines Global Democracy. Manchester: Eastbridge Books, pp. 237-265.

Atienza, Maria Ela; Eadie, Pauline; and Tan-Mullins, May. 2020. “Livelihood and vulnerability in the wake of Typhoon Yolanda: lessons of community and resilience.” Natural Hazards 103 (1) (August 2020): 211-230. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03984-z

Atienza, Maria Ela; Tan-Mullins, May; and Eadie, Pauline. 2020. “Evolving social capital and networks in the post-disaster rebuilding process.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint. (Early view online) Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apv.12268

Atienza, Maria Ela L. 2020. “The Philippines in 2019: Consolidation of Power, Unraveling of the Reform Agenda.” Asian Survey, Vol. 60 No. 1 (January/February): 132-139. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/AS.2020.60.1.132

Bautista, Aimee Dresa. 2020. “Exploring Political Socialization and Political Participation: The Filipino Youth and the Sangguniang Kabataan in Caloocan City’s First Legislative District.” Child & Youth Services, DOI: 10.1080/0145935X.2020.1859364

Cainghog, N.G., Raneses, N.G., Tamayao, M.M. and Gotera, K.M.C. 2020. “Consequences of kaizen practices in MSMEs in the Philippines: The case of the Manufacturing Productivity Extension Program (MPEX).” In Hosono. A, Page, J, and Shimada, G. (Eds.) Workers, managers, productivity: Kaizen in developing countries. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan

Encinas-Franco, Jean. 2020. “Gendered Constructions of Overseas Filipino Workers and the Politics of National Shame.” Journal of Human Rights and Peace Studies, 6 (2) 283-310.

Go, Jan Robert R. 2020. “Online Course Learning in a Time of a Pandemic: The Wuhan Experience.” Philippine Journal of Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Development Perspectives 81-88.

Go, Jan Robert R. 2020. “Wuhan 武汉.” DX Machina: Journal of Contemporary Philippine Literature 14(2): 1-12.

Kraft, Herman Joseph S. 2020. “Key Legal Issues for the Philippines on the West Philippine Sea/South China Sea Dispute.” In Ha Ahn Tuan, ed. Ocean Governance in the South China Sea: Fishery Cooperation and Environmental Protection. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House, pp. 44-60.

Panao, Rogelio Alicor L. 2020. “Beyond Flypaper: Unconditional Transfers and Local Revenue Generation in the Philippines, 1992–2016.” International Journal of Public Administration. DOI: 10.1080/01900692.2020.1759628

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion. 2020. “Writing Philippine Politics and the Marcos Technocrats”. Philippine Political Science Journal. 41, 263-268.

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion. 2020. “A Panacea Gone Awry: A Review of Water Privatization Policy in the Philippines.” Asia Politics & Policy. Volume 12, Iss. 4, October, pp. 632-646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12559

Arugay, Aries A. and Kraft, Herman Joseph S. (eds). 2020. Toward an Enhanced Strategic Policy in the Philippines . Quezon City: Center for Integrative and Development Studies, University of the Philippines.

Atienza, Maria Ela L., Aries A. Arugay, Jean Encinas-Franco, Jan Robert R. Go, and Rogelio Alicor L. Panao. 2020. “Constitutional Performance Assessment in the Time of a Pandemic: The 1987 Constitution and the Philippines’ COVID-19 Response.” International IDEA Discussion Paper 3/2020. Stockholm and Quezon City: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.36

Atienza, Maria Ela L., Aries A. Arugay, Francis Joseph A. Dee, Jean Encinas-Franco, Jan Robert R. Go, Rogelio Alicor L. Panao, and A.J.D. Jimenez. 2020. “Constitutional Performance Assessment of the 1987 Philippine Constitution: Summary of Findings.” Stockholm and Quezon City: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.2

Gloria, Enrico V. 2020. “Constructing Major Power Identity: China’s Discourses on the Belt and Road Initiative and Policy Insights for the Philippines.” in Toward an Enhanced Strategic Policy in the Philippines. Arugay, A. & Kraft, H. (eds). UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies. pp. 87-107.

Marcaida, Marielle Y. 2020. “Organized Crime, Illicit Economies and the Philippine-China Relations under the Duterte Administration.” In Toward an Enhanced Strategic Policy in the Philippines. Arugay, A. & Kraft, H. (eds). UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies. pp. 107-135.

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion. 2020. “The Politics of a Middle-Class-Led Movement in the Philippines”. In Thinking With and Beyond Marx: Critical Essays on Politics, History and Art, Published in Commemoration of the 200th Birth Anniversary of Karl Marx. Vol. 1. Tadem, Eduardo C. and Honey B. Tabiola. Editors. University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies Public Policy Monograph Series, pp. 105-122.

Taguibao, Jalton G. Rebullida, Maria Lourdes. 2020. “Solid Waste Management, Environmental Governance, and Sustainable Development: Empowering Intergovernmental Relations in the National Capital Region.” UP CIDS Policy Brief 2020-06. Quezon City: UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies.

Arugay, Aries A., and D. Slater. 2019. “Polarization Without Poles: Machiavellian Conflicts and the Philippines’ Lost Decade of Democracy, 2000–2010.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1): 122-136. DOI: 10.1177/0002716218810385

Arugay, Aries A. 2019. “Fall from Grace, Descent from Power? Civil Society after Philippine Democracy’s Lost Decade.” In I. Deinla and B. Dressel (eds.) From Aquino II to Duterte (2010-2018): Change, Continuity – and Rupture. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, pp. 285-308.

Arugay, Aries A., C. Misalucha-Willoughby, and J. Amador III. 2019. “Quad to Zero? Filipino Perceptions of the Quad, the Indo-Pacific, and the Alliance System.” APPFI Research Paper RSA-2019-04. Quezon City: Asia Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation Inc.

Atienza, Maria Ela L. 2019. “The Philippines in 2018: Broken Promises, Growing Impatience.” Asian Survey, Vol. 59 No. 1 (January/February): 185-192. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.1.185

Atienza, Maria Ela; Eadie, Pauline; Tan-Mullins, May. 2019. “Urban Poverty in the Wake of Environmental Disaster: Rehabilitation, Resilience and Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda).” London: Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group). Available at: https://www.routledge.com/Urban-Poverty-in-the-Wake-of-Environmental-Disaster-Rehabilitation-Resilience/Atienza-Eadie-Tan-Mullins/p/book/9781138629998, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315210056

Blanco, Dennis V. 2019. “Urban Domestic Water Governance in the Philippines: Paradigms and Capacities.” Philippine Political Science Journal, 40 (1/2), 69-99. Brill Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/2165025X-12340003.

Blanco, Dennis Vicencio and Rogelio Alicor Panao. 2019. “Caring for Orphans in the Philippines: A Policy-Capacity Review.” Child and Youth Services, 40 (1), 65-92. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2018.1551723

Blanco, Dennis Vicencio and Alan Bairner. 2019. “College Basketball Governance in the Philippines: Actors, Stakeholders, Issues and Policies.” Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media and Politics. 22 (3), 361-383.Taylor and Francis, Routledge Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2018.1490265.

Frago-Marasigan, Perlita M. 2019. “The Haiyan Crisis: Empowering the Local, Engaging the Global.” In Human Security and Cross-Border Cooperation in East Asia, edited by Carolina Hernandez, Eun Mee Kim, Yoichi Mine, Ren Xiao, 133-153. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kraft, Herman Joseph S. 2019. “ASEAN and the Protection of Migrant Rights.” in Samuel C.Y. Ku, Wen-Pin Lin, and Khai Leong Ho, eds. Southeast Asia: Transition and Transformation. Kaohsiung: Wenzao Ursuline University Press, pp. 259-269

Kraft, Herman Joseph S. 2019. “Geopolitical Environment of Philippines-China Relations: Maintaining the Security Architecture in the Face of Shifting Power Relations.” Chinese Studies Journal, Vol. 12 (Philippines Association for Chinese Studies): 1-9.

Panao, Rogelio Alicor L. 2019. “Electoral persistence and the quality of public policies: evidence from the dynamics of lawmaking in the Philippine House of Representatives, 1992-2016.” Journal of Asian Public Policy 13(3): 295-318.

Panao, Rogelio Alicor L. 2019. “Does the upper house have the upper hand? The Dynamics of Distributive Policies in the Philippine Senate.” Philippine Political Science Journal 40(1): 201–229

Quilala, Dennis, F. 2019. “The Protracted Crisis in Mindanao: Japan’s Cooperation and Human Security.” In Human Security and Cross-Border Cooperation in East Asia, (co written with Sachiko Ishikawa)

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion. 2019. “Philippine: la gauche sociale et politique face au “dutertisme.” Alternatives Sud, Vol. 26-2019, Belgium: Centre Tricontinental et Éditions Syllepse, pp. 145-151.

Tadem Teresa S. Encarnacion. 2019. “Re-defining governance to address socio-economic inequality in the Philippines.” Journal of Law and Administration 15(3):10-22. https://doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-3-52-10-22

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion. 2019. “Tracing the Rise of Filipino Technocrats Through the Cold War.” Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. In Eva Hansson & Meredith Weiss. “Beyond the Cold War in Southeast Asia”. Issue 26. Online journal: https://kyotoreview.org/issue-26/tracing-the-rise-of-filipino-technocrats-through-cold-war/.

Taguibao, Jalton G. 2019. “Sustainable Energy Policy in Southeast Asia: Domestic Variations and Congruence in Policy Discourses.” Asian Politics and Policy Journal, Volume 11, Issue No. 2, pp. 327-346.

Tigno, Jorge V. 2019. “Protecting Filipino Overseas Migrant Workers.” in Global Health Leadership: Case Studies from the Asia-Pacific edited by Mellissa Withers and Judith McCool. Switzerland: Springer Nature, pp. 133-146.

Atienza, Maria Ela; Lusterio-Rico, Ruth; Arugay, Aries A.; Encinas-Franco, Jean; and Quilala, Dennis. 2019. “Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics (for Senior High School) revised edition.” Quezon City: C & E Publishing.

Go, Jan Robert R. 2019. “Elections under the 1987 Constitution.” In Chronology of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, edited by Maria Ela L. Atienza. Quezon City: UP Centre for Integrative and Development Studies, 13-18.

Go, Jan Robert R. and Jean Encinas-Franco. 2019. “The Power of Impeachment.” In Chronology of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, edited by Maria Ela L. Atienza. Quezon City: UP Centre for Integrative and Development Studies, 45-51.

Go, Jan Robert R. 2019. “Implications for Governance and Future Policy.” In Rebuilding Disaster-Affected Communities for a Sustainable Future: Lessons and Policy Recommendations for Poverty Alleviation from the Typhoon Yolanda Experience, edited by Maria Ela L. Atienza. Quezon City: UP Centre for Integrative and Development Studies, 31-35.

Panao, Rogelio Alicor L. 2019. “Bribe as business: Culture, corruption, and investment behavior by Asian economies.” HanPil Occasional Papers 3: 5-30

Panao, Rogelio Alicor L. 2019. “Laws and jurisprudence as gauge of constitutional efficacy.” In Maria Ela L. Atienza, ed., Chronology of the 1987 Constitution. Public Policy Monograph Series. Quezon City: UPCIDS and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA).

Tadem, Teresea S. Encarnacion. 2019. “Philippine Politics and the Marcos Technocrats: The emergence and evolution of a power elite.” Q.C.: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion and Noel M. Morada. Editors. 2019. “Southeast Asian Politics: Issues of the Past Defining the Challenges of the Present.” Third World Perspectives in Politics. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion and Eduardo C. Tadem. 2019. “Reclaiming public services: Giving back ownership and control of the water sector to local government.” UP CIDS Program on Alternative Development Policy Brief”. UP CIDS Policy Brief 2019, pp. 1-8.

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion and Noel M. Morada. Editors. 2019. “Introduction” In Southeast Asian Politics: Issues of the Past Defining the Challenges of the Present. Third World Perspectives in Politics. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, pp, 1-15.

Taguibao, Jalton G. 2019. “Kapwa, Loob, and the Political Relationship Between President and Citizens Based on an Analysis of Presidential Speeches from 1986 to 2013.” Handbook of Filipino Psychology Volume 2: Applications edited by Rogelia Pe-Pua. University of the Philippines Press. pp. 531-556.

Zialcita, Jean Paul L., 2019. “Presidential influence in the legislative process: The passage of the RH Bill in the Philippine House of Representatives.” Philippine Social Sciences Review 71(1): 27-41.

Arugay, Aries A., and Slater D. 2018. “Polarizing Figures: Executive Power and Institutional Conflict in Asian Democracies.” American Behavioral Scientist 62(1): 92-106.

Arugay, Aries A., and A. Sinpeng. 2018. “Varieties of Authoritarianism and the Limits of Democracy in Southeast Asia.” In M. Beeson and A. Ba (eds.) Contemporary Southeast Asia, 3rd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 91-110.

Dee, Francis Joseph A. 2018. “Predictors of participation in protest in the Philippines.” Philippine Political Science Journal, 39:3, 155-178, DOI: 10.1080/01154451.2018.1565641

Kraft, Herman Joseph S. 2018. “Beyond the transmission of ideas: Pedro L. Baldoria and the field of geopolitics in the Philippines.” Philippine Political Science Journal 39(2): 132-135, DOI: 10.1080/01154451.2018.1535877

Panao, Rogelio Alicor L., and Bea Xandra De Leon. 2018. “Balancing the interests of labor and capital: An empirical analysis of Philippine Supreme Court labor cases from 1987 to 2016.” Philippine Political Science Journal 38(1): 24-46

Quilala, Dennis, F. 2018. “ Narratives and Counter-narratives: Responding to Political Violence in the Philippines .” Southeast Asian Affairs, pp. 285-296.

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion. 2018. “Chapter 5: The Middle-Class-Led Left Movement in Civil Society’s Role in the Philippines’ Democratization Process.” In Middle Class, Civil Society and Democracy in Asia, edited by Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, 81–101. Routledge Contemporary Asia Series. New York, NY: Routledge.

Tadem, Teresa S. Encarnacion. 2018. “Technocracy and Class Politics in Policy-Making.” In Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines, edited by Mark R. Thompson and Eric Vincent C. Batalla, 262–72. London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.

Tigno, Jorge V. 2018. “What One Hand Gives, the Other Takes Away: Migration, Food Insecurity, and Women in the Philippines.” in Ensuring a Square Meal; Women and Food Security in Southeast Asia edited by Theresa W. Devasahayam. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., pp. 203-238.

Tigno, Jorge V. 2018. “Labor Migration from the Philippines: Has the Country Had Enough?” in Southeast Asia; Beyond Borders and Boundaries edited by Samuel C.Y. Ku and HerlinChien. Kaohsiung: Wenzao University Press, pp. 143-158.

Tigno, Jorge V. 2018. “The Philippines” in Routledge Handbook of Civil Society in Asia edited by Akihiro Ogawara. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, pp. 110 – 128.

Atienza, Maria Ela L. 2018. “Human Security in the ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint: Assessing Success, Challenges and Lessons in ASEAN Human Security Cooperation in Post-Conflict Peace Building Measures.” in ASEAN: 50 Years Hence, edited by Rommel J. Casis and Celeste Ruth L. Cembrano-Mallari. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Law Center’s Institute of International Legal Studies (launched January 2020), pp. 280-307.

Encinas-Franco, Jean. et al. 2018. “Narratives of Filipino Bride Returnees from South Korea: Implications to Research and Policy.” Hanpil Occasional Paper Series on Korea and the Philippines. Vol. 3. December 2018.

Ferrer, Miriam C., 2018. “Remigio E. Agpalo.” In J. Tigno (Ed.), Twentieth-century Philippine political thinkers: Selected readings. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Frago-Marasigan, Perlita M. 2018. “Renato Constantino.” In J. Tigno (Ed.), Twentieth-century Philippine political thinkers: Selected readings. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Go, Jan Robert R. 2018. “Claro M. Recto.” In J. Tigno (Ed.), Twentieth-century Philippine political thinkers: Selected readings. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Kraft, Herman Joseph S., 2018. “Pedro L. Baldoria.” In J. Tigno (Ed.), Twentieth-century Philippine political thinkers: Selected readings. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Lusterio-Rico, Ruth R. 2018. “Felipe Agoncillo.” In J. Tigno (Ed.), Twentieth-century Philippine political thinkers: Selected readings. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Naval, Jaime B., 2018. “Estrella D. Solidum.” In J. Tigno (Ed.), Twentieth-century Philippine political thinkers: Selected readings. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Taguibao, Jalton G. 2018. “Jose Maria Sison.” In J. Tigno (Ed.), Twentieth-century Philippine political thinkers: Selected readings. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Tigno, Jorge V. (ed). 2018. “Twentieth Century Philippine Political Thinkers.” Selected Readings. Quezon City: UP Press.

Zialcita, Jean Paul L., 2018. “Jose P. Laurel.” In J. Tigno (Ed.), Twentieth-century Philippine political thinkers: Selected readings. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Political Science Research Topics

Table of contents

• 1 What Is a Political Science Research Paper?
• 2.1 Political Science Research Topics on Comparative Politics
• 2.2 International Relations Political Science Research Topics
• 2.3 Public Administration Political Science Research Topics
• 2.4 Public Law Political Science Research Topics
• 2.5 Philosophy Political Science Research Topics
• 2.6 Political Conflicts Research Topics
• 2.7 Theorists Political Science Research Topics
• 2.8 Conflict Resolution Political Science Research Topics
• 2.9 Mediation & Negotiation Political Science Research Topics
• 2.10 Empirical Political Science Research Topics
• 3 Conclusion

Today we are going to present to you the best interesting political science research topics, the ones that will help you get the best grade and impress your teacher. Here you have a complete guide with all the elements and the details you need to know about. We will also answer interesting political science research questions and present you with good ideas, facts about the thesis, and a lot more. Keep in mind that writing on these topics can be difficult, and this is not something all students like and want to do. Even the most interesting political science research topics will require tons of research, details, accurate facts, and so much more. We can say that you need to understand the topic 100% in order to write a paper that will do well!

Then we can see that most students have to complete a paper of this kind at some point. It is not strange that many of them are looking for research paper writing service to get help as soon as possible. After all, you will get a paper that is written by a professional, has no errors, and offers all the answers your professor will need. Yes, all political science philosophy research topics are possible and available. Anyway, let’s move to the political science research topic ideas you would like to know more about.

What Is a Political Science Research Paper?

A paper of this kind is an essay focused on government, politics, institutions, and the state in general. It can be focused on local, state, national, or international levels . Many political science topics are actually focused on the national or international level. This makes them more interesting to a reader but at the same time more complicated for a writer. Let’s see the Chinese communist party hierarchy in Vietnam as an example. The paper will be focused on the communist party of China and its links and effects on Vietnam. As you can see, this is a complicated matter, and you will have to perform a lot of research.

There are three main variations here. The first one is comparative politics, where you will compare two or more elements of politics. You can pick one you are for. The second is international relationships which are focused on cooperation between countries, institutions from different countries, and more. The last is a political theory that explains the theory of politics in simple terms. Now you know why many students will prefer to buy custom research paper and get the job done within minutes rather than days. Yes, you are going to need days to write a paper of this kind! American federal crimes are a common option here that is very complex.

Political Science Research Paper Writing Tips

Once you know all about the best political science research topics, the time will come to start writing. Here we have all the essential tips and effects that you must use. These are obtained from professional writers who have been in the business for decades. Hence, you may want to use these. If possible, always consider research topics for political science that you like or at least have an interest in. This will help you consider the paper more appealing and desirable.

If that is not possible, you will probably want to use all of these tips in the paper and get the best outcome. Below you can see research topics in political science for every major variation, and most of these are ideal for all kinds of students. Don’t forget that you can get research paper outline college easily and learn about a few basics before you start. Anyway, here are a few tips that are mandatory these days.

• Your paper must include the opposite opinion. This is essential and must be present when writing about western constitutional law or anything else.
• The facts you use in the paper must be 100% accurate and meet the current situation. You need to back up these using academic sources only. No blogs or anything similar!
• Use statistics that are reliable, accurate, and available to us all in the United States.
• Always research other topics and ideas that are similar. Take a look at similar papers as well.
• One idea must come in one paragraph. There is no exception. This rule applies to all papers.
• Never use a harsh tone or focus too much on sensitive subjects.
• Don’t focus on one side only. You must cover both sides and their elements.
• If you are writing about political parties, stay neutral. This is always a good idea.
• Use quotes only when you have to. Never use too much of them unless you must or specify.
• Never use slang or similar words. They don’t look professional, and they are bad for these papers.

Political Science Research Topics on Comparative Politics

There are a lot of political topics to write about in this category. Basically, you will compare national or international issues. The best example is comparing laws between two countries. You need to keep your focus on the methods that are used and how they are implemented. These are considered the simplest papers of all. Here are a few great comparative politics research topics.

• Government soviet union ideology of apartheid
• Foreign policies of the US versus the UK
• FDI policies in the United States versus those in India
• Comparing two political parties in the country
• Recruitment details and specifics in developing countries
• Modernization theory: Complete explanation
• Revolution and conflicts in the United States
• Cultural pressure between Japan and the United States
• Parliamentary versus presidential democracy
• Apartheid Phenomenon explanations and details

International Relations Political Science Research Topics

These topics will be focused on the global perspective. We can see environmental factors, global hunger, similar issues, and global ethics in general. The topics are broad, the lack of a better word and these can either be about something in a specific country or something that affects multiple countries or the entire world. Some students like these good political topics, and we have excellent examples below.

• What causes global poverty?
• Battles about the arctic circle
• Global security networks: Ultimate analysis
• Relations between China and US
• What kind of effect does nationalism in Germany has
• Geopolitics: Theories explained
• Why did the Afghanistan war happen?
• World terrorism increase
• What kind of power United Nations does have?
• Human rights act in Somalia

Public Administration Political Science Research Topics

Here we have a few topics that are very special. What this means is that you will have to write a paper about how government institutions work, administrators work and all are related. You can see elements of civil law court versus mediation, for instance. Anyway, below are 10 topics that will help you with your writing and also explain this type more.

• Transportation Security: careers
• Ethics of non-profit organizations
• John Rohr’s constitutional vision
• Methods for community development
• The prewar vision of the constitution by Abraham Lincoln
• Crisis management in your city or country
• Public organizational behavior in your country
• Fiscal management: Strategic planning
• Coordination of governmental efforts
• Federal Emergency Management Agency analysis

Public Law Political Science Research Topics

In general, these topics are all about public law and how it deals with public members. Keep in mind that private law is not the same. It deals with families and small groups, among others. Public law is more about taxes, the constitution and similar elements. Here are 10 topics regarding this type of paper you are going to like and probably write on.

• Human Rights Act of 1998
• Common morality and the criminal law
• Well-known Legislators from Europe
• Constitutional law in your country: Complete analysis
• Public law: Mandatory rules
• Judicial Review Argumentation Analysis
• Commercial Exploitation or private law
• Public bodies act lawfully in discussion
• Inequality in post-conflict situations
• Private law and procedural law in the United Kingdom

Philosophy Political Science Research Topics

Here you will usually have to tell others how society should look and be set up. You will cover specifics about society, laws, justice, liberty, and similar elements. You can even touch on details like the republic by Plato, for instance. There are a lot of examples, and in general, you will be focused on the theoretical, and philosophical parts of this science. As you can assume, here we have 10 stunning ideas.

• Traditions by republicans in education
• What caused American Revolution
• Ethics of elections
• Post-socialist era: Transition methods
• Neopatrimonialism Society Risks
• Mutual tolerance: can it be political virtue?
• Civil Republicanism compared with Liberalism
• Western Constitutional Law existentialism
• German Philosophy & Karl Schmidt’s Theses
• Liberal democracy: Why is it perfect?

Political Conflicts Research Topics

Yes, these topics here will be about conflicts in the country during elections, political parties, or economic battles. There are countless examples. One interesting is to look at a specific country that is in conflict at the moment. Focus on the causes, effects, and all the rest. This can be an interesting topic for some of you or can be the first one you will try to avoid.

• Resolution methods for the Yemen conflict
• Conflict in Afghanistan
• Religion and politics conflict
• Immigrant crisis in Mexico
• Donald Trump and Joe Biden’s conflict
• Political conflicts: hate speech and free speech
• Syrian Government Repression
• Central African Republic: What caused rebellion?
• What caused the civil war?
• How can you settle a political dispute?

Theorists Political Science Research Topics

These topics are all about taking a deep look into the theory of something. You can even review a piece of literature which can make things easier. In general, the topics are easier because they are focused on theory rather than on practical application. But, they may need to activate your abstract mind in order to work well. The 10 you can see below are very common and very appealing.

• Theory of Governance by Aristotle
• Іs Karl max a father of communism?
• Zionism explained and researched
• Communism approach and Vladimir Lenin
• Justice and liberty challenges
• Phoenicianism Political theory
• Sovereignty by Jean Bodin
• Frederic Bastiat Theses
• John Austin Theory
• Communism and socialism in eastern Europe

Conflict Resolution Political Science Research Topics

For most of you, these ideas will be the simplest and most straightforward. You will discuss only peaceful methods and options that can be used to solve any political issues such as gender equality or similar. Your goal will be to find a problem and present a solution for that problem. It should be researched, and you should believe in it and that it will work.

• African American prisoner conflict
• The power distribution of Arctica
• Oil conflict in Iran
• Security leadership conflict after 9/11
• Collaboration methods in Afghanistan
• The bias of news coverage media
• The foreign policy of the US
• Right and left-wing parties: Concession
• Personal ambitions of political leaders
• Art legacy in post-war countries

Mediation & Negotiation Political Science Research Topics

Negotiation is finding a peaceful solution to a problem. Mediation is an intervention that should resolve a problem in order to prevent escalation. Here we have amazing ideas and examples of many papers that are very effective, detailed, and common. Take a deep look into these 10 and try to pick the ones you really like and want to write on.

• Social movements and volunteering
• Hostage care for prisoners in foreign countries
• Agricultural land disputes: Negotiation methods
• Mediation policies versus civil law
• Dispute resolution methods: Alternatives you can use
• Mediation agreement: a case study
• Modern whistleblowers in America
• Negotiation methods in wartime
• Analysis of election agenda
• International Arbitration Tribunal Mediation Process

Empirical Political Science Research Topics

Here you will write about the basics and main details of politics. You can see some of the examples, and you need to know one thing. You must include a lot of evidence here. But, this type of evidence is hard to find; hence you may need current help. As always, use only current data and facts when writing. These topics are the latest and must be valid right now.

• Experimental research importance for political science
• The foreign policy of Russia: Simple approach
• Geneva convection and refugee rights
• Educational inequalities in China: How it affects children
• Civil society basics
• How do civil wars start?
• Constitution of the United States if founding fathers had access to modern technologies
• Modern politics and civil society
• Is social media a new public administration tool?
• The rise of China and the transformation in the international system

If you are having trouble deciding on a political science research topic, consider looking into a custom essay writing service to help you out. They can provide you with a unique and interesting topic that you can use for your writing a research paper . Custom essay writing services are used by many students to get the best results and make sure their essays are interesting and well-thought out.

As you were able to see here, you will [have to write about anything that touches politics, state or government, or anything in between. You may have to write on war interests aggregation recruitment, liberal democracy justification, and so much more. Always remember to use the topics we have provided at the top and make sure to get as much help as needed. These are not simple essays that you can complete within hours. You will need days only to conduct the research.

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206 Most Popular Political Science Research Topics

If you major in political science, you already know it’s a profound evaluation of politics and power from the domestic, international, and comparative outlook. It includes interpreting the existing political ideas, processes, institutions, behavior, policies, and how governments examine law, diplomacy, social groups, and many others. Political science is fundamentally a theory and practice of the government as it relates to both public and private lives. It encompasses political theory, comparative politics, international relations, the politics of the American government, and the preexisting political methodology. As students of a high school, college or university, it may be challenging to choose the best and interesting topics in political science. This is because you’re expected to produce high quality content on an advanced topic, and your grade depends on it. We’ve provided over 200 advanced topics to help you with that. But before you dive into these topics, how do you outline your political science research paper?

Outline Of Good Political Science Research Paper

Getting political research topics is easy; there are a lot. You must know how to convert any topic into a high quality paper, even if you order research paper, and this outline can help you. The outline of a good political science research paper must include an introduction, the literature review, the case study, the conclusion, and the reference page.

• Introduction. This is where you identify the research questions and tell your readers the question’s significance. You must also provide a brief answer and overview of what your paper or essay will be about.
• Literature Review or Theoretical Framework. Your political science research must discuss existing scholarly work related to your study. This lets your readers know that you conducted your research based on what you know about. This point is also where you provide explanations that justify the questions you asked earlier. Also, you can input your research methodology.
• Case Study or Main Points. This is where you provide evidence to capture your argument. You must have basic ideas which will run through chapters. Organizing your thoughts in chapters helps you structure them into smaller pieces that make sense in the end.
• Conclusion. This is the point where you summarize your research findings and restate the basic arguments or answers offered. You can also discuss the prospects of what you’ve discussed.

Now that you have an outline, these are the advanced and custom political science topics for your research or essays:

Political Science Research Questions

You must provide and answer some questions when you embark on research. These are good political science research questions to be answered in any political science research paper. Depending on your research, these questions are legitimate and should convince you about your knowledge on your chosen topic:

• What authority does a state have in the federal government?
• What can be identified as a totalitarian government today?
• Would it be justified if it’s said that Vladimir Putin is a dictator?
• What is the nature of comparative politics?
• How does communism affect today’s geopolitical structure?
• Does monarchy relate to communism too?
• How do social changes influence the politics of the country under consideration?
• How did politics influence the social class of the country under consideration?
• How does a dictator gain legitimacy?
• What exactly are political disputes?
• How is political dispute settled amongst countries?
• How are political disputes settled within a country?
• How does free speech sound much like hate speech
• What does controversy in politics imply?
• How does propaganda help during electioneering periods?

Political Science Topics

As earlier established, political science encompasses the relationship between domestic, national, international, and comparative politics. If you need good political science research topics, you can examine different sections of the States and other countries to develop your argument. You can consider the following comprehensive topics:

• How does existentialism apply to eastern constitutional law?
• What is the philosophy of Karl Schmidt and German?
• Examine civil republicanism and liberalism.
• Examine the post-socialist transition methods through the western culture lens.
• Evaluate the concept of Neoplatonism and how it poses a risk to society.
• What mutual tolerance in politics means.
• Evaluate the importance of ethics in the modern political culture.
• Justification of liberal democracy through the neo-Marxist lens.
• What are the ethics of election?
• Evaluate the core arguments of the Human Rights Act of 1998.
• Examine the basics of common morality and criminal law.
• Role of popular legislators in US history.
• Role of popular legislators in European history.
• Examine the role of popular presidents in US history.
• Outline the fundamental achievement of the first five US presidents.
• Outline the basics of justice inequality.
• Examine the importance of socio-economic preferences during political interrogation.
• Why is a person’s social life and history significant in the US penal system?
• What do post-conflict justice and inequality mean?
• Examine the efforts of the government at coordination.
• Give a thorough overview of the US electoral college.
• Give a comprehensive overview of the UK electoral college.
• Examine the importance of privacy law.
• Examine how privacy law seems to exploit commercial relationships.
• Evaluate the judicial interpretation of public safety statutes.
• What is the role of the transport security administrators?
• How are domestic laws formulated?
• Examine the role of public opinion on the abolition of slavery centuries ago.
• What is the role of public opinion in the US public health?
• What is the role of public opinion in the UK economic policies?

Comparative Politics Research Topics

This part of political science deals with an empirical approach to different political systems. It includes analysis of institutions, conflict resolutions, domestic policy formulation, international issues, and others. All these can be examined through a comparative evaluation, and you can consider:

• The domestic policies of the US and the UK on public health.
• The foreign policies of the UK and Russia.
• The comparison and contrasts between the communist structure of the USSR and China.
• Examine the Soviet Union ideology.
• The impacts of the cultural revolution on China.
• Evaluate the significance of the cultural revolution in the USSR.
• Examine the essential components of the UK and US foreign policies.
• Examine the cultural gap between China and Japan.
• Evaluate the behavioral approach to political parties in the UK and the US.
• Critically analyze the presidential and parliamentary systems of government.
• What is the apartheid phenomenon?
• How do apartheid and the black lives matter movement similar?
• What would you say is the difference between armed and political conflicts!
• What are your thoughts about twentieth and twenty-first-century politics?
• Religion is a social power: discuss.
• Culture is a formidable social power: discuss.
• Corruption is a must for any Government: discuss.
• Politics is business: discuss.
• Compare and Contrast the American and European federal crimes.
• Examine the activities of the FBI and KGB for ten years of your choice.

Political Science Research Paper Topics

As students of a college or university, political science borders on a state’s relationship amongst itself and outside it. This means its domestic and international political affairs. These extend to political theories, their practicality and feasibility, how they influence or affect the world, and many others. You can consider political science paper topics like:

• Vision of John Rohr on constitutions.
• Examine the significance of Plato’s The Republic.
• Evaluate the importance of Machiavelli’s The Prince
• Choose and talk about any three political philosophers of your choice.
• Give a detailed overview of the politics of Ancient Greece.
• Examine the politics of the Mongols.
• Examine the significance of the reign of the Vikings.
• Evaluate the unequal relationship between the government and the people
• Justify the lack of public opinion on foreign policies.
• Examine the effect of media voting on US elections.
• Evaluate the impact of card readers in protest of election credibility in the US.
• Evaluate the importance of foreign observers during elections from any country of your choice.
• Evaluate the basis of election thuggery based on the January invasion of the Capitol.
• Examine the effect of civilian and military government in the case of American provisional governments in the middle east.
• Assess the significance of the US on NATO.
• Give an overview of the influence of western nations on the UN.
• Examine the consolidation of democracy in any country of your choice.
• Problems of the American judiciary system.
• Challenges of the UK judiciary system.
• Evaluate the prospects of everyday politics in the European Union.
• Examine the role of Scandinavian countries in the race for gender equality.
• Examine the challenges and possibilities of gender equality in the UK.
• Evaluate the challenges and opportunities of equal pay in the US.
• Appraise the 2020 presidential election of the US.
• Examine the role of civic education in reducing educating the public.

Interesting Political Topics

Political science paper topics can also be interesting. This is because politics itself is exciting and can be intriguing when studied carefully. As students of politics, you must be knowledgeable on fundamental parts of the international system. You can base your research on these best political research paper topics.

• Examine the causes of the American Revolution
• Examine the concept of neoliberalism
• Evaluate the idea of political correctness
• Give an in-depth analysis of populism
• Attempt an evaluation of populism in the African context
• Evaluate the concept of politics in open Societies
• What principle is divided government based on
• What is the Influence of media on politics
• How does rational choice affect politics
• Is it okay to consider terrorism an instrument of politics?
• What does positivism imply?
• Examine the concepts of societal decadence in Animal Farm by George Orwell
• What does social movement on politics imply?
• Evaluate the basis of cultural pluralism
• Examine the role of the mass media in any UK election of your choice
• Examine the discussions on LGBTQ in sport
• Evaluate the domestic laws of Texas
• Why are some states more important than other states during US elections?
• What is the crisis of identity politics all about?
• Select any three states of your choice and discuss their domestic policies
• Choose any company of your choice and examine how its activities affect the public
• Make a case for vote-buying in any country’s election
• Examine the circumstance of political apathy in any country of your choice
• What are the challenges of marginalization in America?
• Evaluate the significance of corruption in the US politics

American Politics Research Paper Topics

America is a country that dominates global politics. It leads in technology, the military, even politics, and other fundamental sectors. However, this doesn’t excuse the US from a political crisis both internally and externally. You can discuss the basis of American policies with these current Research topics for political science:

• Examine the effects of the 2020 election on American democracy
• Examine the evolution of American politics from the 1960s
• What does American nationalism mean in the face of globalization
• What does social constructivism mean in the American context
• Examine public relations actors in the American politics
• What are the politics prevalent during the civil war
• What was the political crisis that led to the American civil war?
• Examine how the Republican culture evolved in the US
• Give an evaluation of election fraud on any US election
• Motivators of African American politicians
• Motivation for African American politics
• Examine the place of Hispanic American politics presently
• Examine the representative level of all minority classes in the US
• What does American crime law mean
• Examine the essential traits of the typical American politician
• How knowledgeable are you on the story of Jimmy Carter
• Examine the life of Saddam Hussein and his impact on America
• How did the Vietnam War become the American war?
• Attempt an analysis of the Barack Obama and Trump administration
• Discuss the significance of news coverage of US elections
• Analyze the relationship between the US and North Korea

It’s not a simple task to write a paper for a high grade. Sometimes every student need a professional help with research paper writing. Therefore, don’t be afraid to hire a writer to complete your assignment. So, are you ready to get best grades with little effort? Just write a message “Please, write a custom research paper for me” and get time to relax. Contact us today and get a 100% original paper. 

Easy Political Science Research Topics

If you’re in high school or pursuing your diploma, you need custom and more superficial political science topics. These may be advanced topics, but they are relatable political science topics for your level:

• Discuss the Importance of political violence in any country of your choice
• Examine the election processes and issues in any state of your choice
• Why does each state have different constitutions?
• Examine what tax law means in the US
• How should public bodies in the US act?
• What are the central laws to both federal and state governments?
• Examine the significance of public and private law in the US
• Examine the differences between democracy in the US and France
• The turbulent political history of France
• Evaluate the Importance of the US electoral college
• Examine the presence of godfatherism in any country of your choice
• Is Afghanistan better than it was before?
• Evaluate the political activities of the US in any country through its established provisional governments.
• Evaluate the role of domestic policies in rural areas
• What does legislation oversight mean?
• Give a detailed overview of the impeachment process of Trump
• Examine the structure of revenue allocation in the US
• Examine the art of political campaigns in the US
• How does social media bullying affect free speech
• Examine the line between free speech and hate speech
• How do elections achieve national peace and security
• Do you think the French President has too much power than he should?
• Do you think the US President should share his power with Congress?
• Examine the Executive power or the US vice president
• Examine the strengths of the UK Head of State

Current Research Topics For Political Science

These are topics that discuss the present happenings within countries and in the international political space. These could be topics on conflict resolutions or conflict in the international area itself. They also extend to domestic policies and their effects. Examine these good political science research questions:

• Examine the system of prosecuting top tier government officers
• Examine the legal clashes of any transnational corporations in recent years
• What does hostage care in the US penal code mean?
• Give a critical overview of American whistleblowers
• Examine the role of women in today’s global politics
• Is the terrorism war so far against the west or the western activities in the Middle East?
• What is the current political relationship of western countries with the Taliban government?
• What does political correctness mean in today’s gender multiplicity?
• Examine how social media emerges as the court cancel celebrities
• Examine the challenge of national planning under Joe Biden
• Evaluate the similarities between the foreign policies of Canada and the US
• What does the US alliance with Australia imply for its allies
• Examine the present threat between China and Taiwan
• Would you say the European Union can achieve standard fiscal policies
• What is the role of controversies and propaganda in any election, and how does it determine the winner or loser: give a case study

International Politics Research Paper Topics

International politics is the balance of power in the international space. This extends to the balance of threats. Other issues covered include human rights, peaceful resolution of global conflicts, environmental crisis, globalization, global ethics, global poverty, and more. The best political science research topics on international politics are:

• Examine the case for human rights violation in Malawi
• Make a case for human rights violation in China
• Make a car for the human rights violation in communist countries
• Examine the trends in global poverty and its eradication in the world today
• Investigate the controversies raised by Amnesty International
• Would you say international media houses are the watchdog of the society or an accomplice of security threats
• What are the ethics guiding the activities of NGOs
• Role of the international monetary fund in world politics
• Trends and evolution of the Belt and Road Initiative
• Examine the environmental crisis case against Germany
• Examine the issues of human rights in Uganda
• Investigate the political agenda of any three US politicians of your choice
• What are the present political powers at play in Ukrainian politics
• Examine the causes of the Central African Republic rebellion
• Examine the Afghanistan conflict through the lens of a Westerner
• Trace the origin of the Afghanistan conflict
• Analyze the immigrant crisis facing Europe
• Evaluate the immigrant problem facing the US
• Go in depth on the drug war by the US government
• Examine the disparity between the white and black justice systems in the US
• Evaluate the leadership conflict post 9/11
• Examine the race for economic dominance
• Examine the significance of capitalism in the expansion of democracy
• Examine the role of any three media houses of your choice in their propagation of bias in Europe and the US
• How does the Personal ambition of a leader affect country politics?
• Examine the post-war legacy of any war of your choice
• Examine the wartime negotiating strategy
• Evaluate the social role of volunteerism
• What is the Influence of the US government on the growth of Coca-cola outside America?
• How has the UN contributed to education in any country of your choice

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100 Original Political Science Research Topics

Updated 13 Jun 2024

Political Science research papers can easily become overly complex and weak if there are too many ideas scattered across assignment. In order to remedy such situation, choose suitable political science research topics that not only meet initial requirements, but suit author’s personal interest and skills. It should be noted that such assignments are written by Law students, educators, sociologists, or philosophers.

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5 Do’s & 5 Don’ts of Political Papers

Things that are important for any political science research paper:

• Always make sure that opposite opinion or counter argument paragraph is included before conclusion part.
• Backup provided facts with reliable academic sources.  
• Turn to statistics & data to support provided ideas.
• Research related literature & similar projects.  
• Adhere to one idea - one paragraph rule.

Things that you should avoid while completing a research paper for political science class:

• Addressing sensitive subjects, do not use harsh tone.
• Unless working with personal reflection, avoid portrayal of only one side of an issue.
• Stay neutral when talking of political parties. In such way, it allows seeing benefits & flaws of each actor on his or her own.
• Do not use extensive quoting unless absolutely necessary.
• Avoid colloquial language along with slang term elements.

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100 Political Science Research Topics

Political science research topics on comparative politics.

This study field focuses on empirical approach, including comparative methods. Practical examples may include domestic politics, institutions analysis, and diverse conflicts related to domestic or international issues. When choosing such topic, it’s necessary to focus not on study object per se, but on method that is implemented for particular political science issue analysis. Examples can be two parties politics comparison, check some research topics:

• Comparative Analysis of Electoral Systems in Democracies Worldwide
• The Impact of Political Culture on Policy Making: A Cross-National Study
• Federalism vs. Unitarism: A Comparative Study of Government Structures
• Political Party Systems: A Comparative Analysis of European Countries
• The Role of Civil Society in Democratic Consolidation: A Comparative Perspective
• Authoritarian Regimes in the 21st Century: A Comparative Study
• Comparative Study of Political Corruption in Emerging Economies
• Welfare State Models in Scandinavia and Southern Europe: A Comparative Analysis
• The Influence of Religion on Politics: A Comparative Study of Middle Eastern and Western Countries
• Political Responses to Immigration: A Comparative Study of the U.S. and Europe
• Environmental Policies: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries
• The Impact of Globalization on National Sovereignty: A Comparative Study
• Women in Politics: A Comparative Analysis of Gender Quotas in Different Countries
• The Effectiveness of Counter-Terrorism Policies: A Comparative Study
• Social Media and Political Mobilization: A Comparative Analysis of Different Political Regimes

International Relations Political Science Research Topics

Quoting Hans Morgenthau, one can assume that international politics deal with power balance between actors in the international arena. All these struggle involved, filled with conflicts, negotiations, along with controversies take minds of scientists all over the world as they try their best to achieve peaceful resolution of occurring issues. From human rights, global poverty to global ethics, globalization, environmental issues, and security. Here are research topic examples:

• The Role of International Organizations in Mediating Global Conflicts
• China's Rising Influence in International Politics: Opportunities and Challenges
• The Impact of Globalization on Sovereignty of Nation-States
• Climate Change Diplomacy: International Efforts and Agreements
• Cybersecurity and International Relations: Emerging Threats and Policies
• The Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool
• The Role of Soft Power in Shaping International Public Opinion
• Post-Brexit European Union: Challenges and Prospects for International Relations
• The Influence of Non-State Actors in Shaping Global Policies
• Nuclear Proliferation and International Security: Case Studies of Iran and North Korea
• The United Nations' Role in Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution
• Human Rights and International Law: Case Studies of Violations and Responses
• The Impact of International Trade Agreements on National Economies
• Refugee Crises and International Response: Policy and Humanitarian Perspectives
• The Dynamics of US-China Relations in the Context of Global Power Shifts

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Political science philosophy research topics.

This science branch deals with fundamental state legislation aspects, government, liberty, democracy, justice, and legal code mechanics as issued by authority. Most political science essay topics dealing with this subject speak about how society should be set up, what ethics should be applied. There are many political topics to write about. Here are practical topic examples:

• The Evolution of Social Contract Theory from Hobbes to Rawls
• Analyzing Machiavelli's Influence on Modern Political Thought
• The Concept of Justice in Plato’s and Aristotle’s Philosophies
• John Locke's Political Philosophy and Its Impact on Liberal Democracies
• The Role of Power and Ethics in Foucault's Political Analysis
• Hannah Arendt’s Views on Totalitarianism and Modern Political Crises
• Karl Marx's Theory of Class Struggle and Its Relevance Today
• The Intersection of Feminist Theory and Political Philosophy
• Rousseau’s Concept of General Will and Its Implications for Modern Democracy
• The Philosophy of Human Rights: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
• Utilitarianism in Political Decision-Making: Benefits and Limitations
• Libertarianism vs. Communitarianism: A Philosophical Debate
• The Impact of Postmodernism on Contemporary Political Theory
• Thomas Hobbes and the Notion of State of Nature in Political Philosophy
• The Concept of Liberty in the Philosophies of Isaiah Berlin and John Stuart Mill

Political Science Research Topics on Public Administration

This science studies daily functions performed by governmental structures, public administrators work, and various agencies implementation that administer functioning of laws, regulations, as well as introduced policies. Also, many subjects deal with Sociology. Our experts offer such research topics:

• The Role of Public Administration in Crisis Management and Response
• E-Government and Digital Transformation in Public Administration
• Public Policy Analysis: Case Studies of Successful Policy Implementations
• The Impact of Public Administration on Urban Development and Planning
• Comparative Study of Bureaucratic Systems in Different Countries
• Public Sector Reforms: Best Practices and Lessons Learned
• The Role of Ethics and Accountability in Public Administration
• Public-Private Partnerships: Benefits, Challenges, and Opportunities
• The Influence of Political Leadership on Public Administration Efficiency
• Innovations in Public Service Delivery: Case Studies from Around the World
• The Impact of Globalization on National Public Administration Systems
• Decentralization and Local Governance: Challenges and Opportunities
• The Role of Public Administration in Environmental Policy and Sustainability
• Human Resource Management Practices in the Public Sector
• The Effectiveness of Public Administration in Healthcare Policy Implementation

Political Science Research Topics on Public Law

It is part of law that studies relationships between state and public members. In terms of challenges, it covers broad range of topics from administrative law, constitution, taxes, and criminal legislation among others. It should not be confused with Private Law that deals with families, small groups, private businesses where economics and more personal issues are considered. Public Law deals with administrative authority in relation to citizens. As an example, when certain decision is questioned, individual society member can ask for plea or review analysis by state authority. Even if it sounds too complex, here are interesting political science research questions samples to inspire you for a great research topic:

• The Evolution of Constitutional Law in Emerging Democracies
• Judicial Review and Its Impact on Democratic Governance
• Comparative Analysis of Civil Liberties in Different Legal Systems
• The Role of International Law in Resolving Territorial Disputes
• Human Rights Legislation: Global Trends and National Impacts
• The Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Laws in Different Political Systems
• Public Law and Its Role in Regulating Cybersecurity and Privacy
• Environmental Law and Policy: International Agreements and National Implementation
• The Influence of Lobbying on Public Policy and Lawmaking
• Legal Frameworks for Immigration and Refugee Policies in Various Countries
• The Intersection of Public Law and Health Care Policies during Pandemics
• Freedom of Speech and Press: Legal Boundaries and Political Implications
• The Impact of Public Law on Economic Development and Trade Policies
• Gender Equality Legislation: Comparative Studies of Different Nations
• The Role of Public Law in Regulating Artificial Intelligence and Technology

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Political Science Research Topics

What we have here is analysis and an in-depth study of processes that relate to politics. A scientist can approach certain event and study cause-and-effect of an issue, study political leader personality or write reflection essay about police officers behavior that have bias towards African American teenagers or those that wear a hood. It does cover sensitive topics, yet what makes it unique is scientific approach along with paper structure. Political science research paper topics should be researchable and include sufficient amount of academic sources. Here are some topics to consider:

• The Political Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Global Governance
• Analyzing the Role of Social Media in Modern Political Revolutions
• The Influence of Space Exploration on International Relations and Policy
• Political Consequences of Climate Change on Small Island Developing States
• The Rise of Virtual States: Implications for Traditional Sovereignty
• Cyber Warfare and Its Effects on National Security Policies
• The Politics of Pandemics: COVID-19 and Global Political Transformations
• The Role of Youth Movements in Shaping Contemporary Political Agendas
• The Impact of Cryptocurrencies on National and Global Economics
• Political Dimensions of Deep Sea Resource Exploitation
• The Influence of Celebrity Culture on Political Campaigns and Elections
• The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Shaping Environmental Policies
• The Politics of Water Scarcity and Its Global Security Implications
• The Intersection of Neuroscience and Ethics in Political Decision Making
• The Future of Work: Political Responses to Automation and AI in the Labor Market

Political Theorists Research Topics

As with any scientific field, theorists works take honorary place, especially when student should complete dissertation and include extensive literature review. To make matters easier, it is recommended by most college professors in the United States to examine works and political science theorists legacy. While such paper may not provide answers to global issues. Moreover, students can also choose comparative politics research questions by comparing several important personalities. Check this research topic ideas:

• The Political Theories of John Rawls and Their Contemporary Relevance
• Hannah Arendt's Analysis of Totalitarianism in the 21st Century
• Michel Foucault's Concept of Power and Its Application in Modern Politics
• The Influence of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan on Modern State Theory
• Karl Marx's Critique of Capitalism: Relevance in Today's Global Economy
• Machiavelli's The Prince and Its Impact on Modern Political Leadership
• The Contributions of Simone de Beauvoir to Feminist Political Thought
• Jürgen Habermas and the Concept of the Public Sphere in Democratic Societies
• Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy and Its Modern Interpretations
• The Political Ideas of Frantz Fanon and Post-Colonial Studies
• Isaiah Berlin's Two Concepts of Liberty and Modern Liberal Thought
• Ayn Rand's Objectivism and Its Influence on Libertarian Politics
• The Relevance of Rousseau's Social Contract in Contemporary Political Debates
• Antonio Gramsci's Theory of Cultural Hegemony and Its Modern Applications
• John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism and Its Role in Contemporary Policy Making

Political Conflicts Research Topics

Ranging from economic battles and elections to interests of each country in natural resources, most American senior college professors in different disciplines advice choosing social issues topics . Just look at countries that are in the middle of conflicts and focus on causes & effects at each stage. Here are several research topic examples:

• The Geopolitical Dynamics of the South China Sea Dispute
• The Political and Humanitarian Crisis in Yemen: Causes and Consequences
• The Role of International Actors in the Syrian Conflict
• The Impact of Brexit on Political Stability in Europe
• The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Historical Roots and Future Prospects
• The North Korean Nuclear Crisis: Regional and Global Implications
• The Political Ramifications of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict
• The United States-Iran Tensions: A Study of Escalation and Diplomacy
• The Venezuelan Crisis: Political, Economic, and Social Dimensions
• The Kashmir Conflict: Historical Background and Current Developments
• The Role of Ethnicity in the Rwandan Genocide
• The Cyprus Dispute: A Study of Divided Nations and International Mediation
• The Impact of Climate Change on Political Conflicts in Africa
• The Political Aftermath of the Arab Spring in the Middle East
• The Role of Resource Wealth in Fueling Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa

Political Science Research Topics on Conflict Resolution

It studies peaceful resolution methods of conflicting issues that vary from custody battles, gender bias in the workplace, and up to international conflicts with several countries involved. Most conflicts relate to social studies project topics because there is always socio-cultural argumentation to start with. Each conflict should be analyzed by offering background, methodology, clear structure, and strong thesis. Here are interesting topics for brainstorming:

• The Effectiveness of the United Nations in Mediating International Conflicts
• Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda
• The Role of Women in Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution
• The Impact of International Sanctions on Conflict Resolution
• The Oslo Accords: Lessons in Middle East Peace Negotiations
• The Use of Track II Diplomacy in Resolving International Disputes
• The Challenges of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration in Post-Conflict Societies
• The Role of Regional Organizations in Conflict Resolution: The Case of ASEAN
• The Impact of Natural Resources on Conflict and Its Resolution in Africa
• Cyber Conflict Resolution: Emerging Trends and Strategies
• The Role of International Courts in Resolving Territorial Disputes
• The Impact of Climate Change on Resource Scarcity and Conflict
• The Effectiveness of Peacekeeping Missions in Civil War Situations
• The Role of Grassroots Movements in Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding
• The Influence of External Actors on Internal Conflict Dynamics and Resolution Strategies

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Political Science Research Topics on Mediation & Negotiation

While negotiation deals with finding suitable compromise or conditions in a process, mediation stands for intervention in certain dispute with an aim to resolve it. It can be compared to arbitration, yet with involvement of good third party that is impartial. Topics also relate to conflicts and elections often covered by media.

• The Role of Mediation in Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• International Mediation Efforts in the Syrian Civil War
• The Effectiveness of UN Mediation in Global Conflict Zones
• The Impact of Cultural Differences on International Negotiation Processes
• The Use of Shuttle Diplomacy in Modern International Relations
• The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Conflict Mediation
• Mediation Strategies in the South China Sea Territorial Disputes
• The Influence of Economic Interests in International Negotiation Outcomes
• The Challenges of Mediating Conflicts in Failed States
• The Evolution of Mediation Techniques in Diplomatic Relations
• The Role of Track II Diplomacy in De-escalating Political Tensions
• The Impact of Social Media on Public Perception of International Negotiations
• The Use of Mediation to Resolve Electoral Disputes in Developing Countries
• The Effectiveness of Good Offices in International Dispute Resolution
• The Role of International Law in Mediation and Negotiation Processes

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140 Newest Political Science Research Paper Topics

If you are reading our blog post, its means you’re desperately trying to find some amazing political science research topics. Truth be told, you’ve arrived at the right place. We have a list of original political science research topics for you right here. Furthermore, we’ve included a lot of information about finding great topics and about their benefits. Remember that all our political science topics are 100% free. We are all about helping college students get the best possible grades. We do our absolute best to update our list of political science essay topics as frequently as possible, so stay tuned for new topics!

Are Political Science Research Topics Hard to Find?

It looks like finding research topics for political science in 2023 is pretty difficult. But why? Well, because even though there are plenty of websites offering topics, you are facing fierce competition. Each one of your peers is looking for topics. And in most cases, they end up on the same websites as you do. This means that in many cases, you will write a research paper on the same subject as several of your classmates. The simple way to avoid this and find hot topics in politics is to watch the news and pick interesting things to analyze. However, this takes time; the time you may not have. After all, you have two or three other essays to write this week…

Extraordinary Political Science Topics = Top Grades

The easiest way to get some ideas is to read our list of topics in political science. At the time of writing, all the political science research paper topics are 100% original. And remember, a good topic usually means a top grade if you do a decent job at writing the paper. Why? It’s simply because professors are easily impressed by people who demonstrate originality. If you can think outside the box and stand out from the crowd, you will get bonus points . Of course, you are free to pick any of the political science paper topics below and reword them in any way.

Philosophy Research Political Science Essay Topics

Political research philosophy deals with how society should be set up and the changes needed. It discusses ethics and how they impact society. Political science research topics should be intriguing and interesting. Here is a list of research topics that your professor will find interesting in your essay:

• Research on what caused the American Revolution.
• Karl Schmidt’s thesis and German philosophy and how they affect society.
• Transition methods of post-socialist and how that impacted society.
• How does civil republicanism contrast with Liberalism?
• The justification of Liberal democracy.
• How modern political virtue is linked to the Mutual tolerance approach.
• Neopatrimonialism Society risk.
• The election ethics.
• How the Western constitution law lens views existentialism.
• The republican traditions are used in education.
• Role of philosophy on the politics of your country.
• The impact made by the American Revolution.

Political Theorists Political Science Essay Topics

Writing political theorists’ take an honorary place when students get the right political science research topics for their dissertation’s literature review. Besides, when you get interesting political science thesis topics, you can be sure that your professor will be impressed. Though such research does not give proper answers to global issues, you can work with comparative political research questions. If you have no idea about the political science research paper topics you can use, you are in the right place. Let us take a look at these ideas:

• The theory of John Austin.
• Aristotle’s philosophy on Governance.
• The thesis of Fredric Bastiat.
• Reasons why Rome failed.
• About Jean Bodin and what he failed to see about sovereignty.
• Is the trajectory followed by the US the same as that of Ancient Rome?
• The republic by Plato Analysis.
• How did Vladimir Lenin influence the communism approach?
• The political events that led to Nazism.
• How do Greco-Romans influence modern politics?
• The discipline powers Foucault’s.
• Edmund Burke Classics theories and their impact.

Interesting Political Science Research Topics

Do you want to thrill your professor? Do you want to come up with something new? If this is the case, just take a look at our list of interesting political science research topics below. You can also check out our history topics .

If you are interested in how politics gave birth to – and altered the course of – conflicts, we have some very interesting topics about conflicts on our list:

• Terrorism can be an effective political instrument.
• How did war change politics in the US?
• The effects of the Vietnam War on United States politics.
• How did the Afghanistan war start?
• The differences between armed conflicts and political conflicts.
• The effects of pardoning criminals in today’s society.
• Ways to effectively implement urgent changes in the legislation process.
• Prosecution ethics on top-tier officials.
• The federal crime comparison of the American and European Federals.
• Methods used to eliminate corruption in America and their effectiveness.
• What are the social movements of the post-war times?
• Research on modern leader’s global interdependence.

Current Research Topics in Political Science

Of course, we realize you want to stay up to date with the latest developments in political science. Your professor will be thrilled to see that you’ve chosen one of our current research topics in political science:

• Karl Schmidt thesis and German philosophy.
• What political decision by the Trump presidency had the biggest impact?
• The impact that the true commission has on civil society.
• The latest controversy surrounding Amnesty International.
• The battles were fought by superpowers around the Arctic Circle.
• How do Republicans influence US education?
• The political response to the COVID-19 crisis.
• Is religion a political power nowadays?

Public Law Topics

There are plenty of public law topics you can write an essay about. However, our academic writers have selected only the ones that have the potential to get an A+:

• Argumentative analysis of the judicial review and its impact on society.
• What is the judicial interpretation of public safety statutes?
• Discuss the privacy law and commercial exploitation.
• What are the gender bias philosophies found in custody battles?
• What is the Socio-Economic preference in Police interrogation?
• Discuss the post-conflict justice inequality.
• What is the public safety status of Judicial Interpretation?
• Similarities between common morality and criminal law.
• Top 3 best European legislators in history.
• Discuss the Human Rights Act of 1998.
• Can national security destroy civil liberty?
• Is the Internet a “politically correct” place?

Easily Researchable Topics in Political Science

Perhaps you don’t want to spend a lot of time and effort writing the political sciences essay. In this case, you may be interested in one of our easily researchable topics in political science:

• Are the politicians to be blamed for the frequent civil wars?
• What is the relationship between media and politics in America?
• The influence that social movements have on changing public policies.
• The way that the Patriot Act will be viewed in future generations.
• What is the current situation of your country’s foreign policy?
• What is the cause and effect of conflict in Syria?
• Research on the global impact of Brexit.
• Should anyone be allowed to pardon violent criminals?
• Here is how you eliminate corruption.
• Discuss the Frederic Bastiat Theses.
• Discuss Trump’s immigration crisis.
• Is the media politically biased?

International Relations Research Topics

International relations is one of the most interesting political sciences topics today. They’re also quite complex. Here are some excellent international relations research topics:

• Controversies of Amnesty International.
• What causes Global Poverty?
• Defining and analyzing global security networks.
• The power battles of the Arctic Circle.
• Human Rights in Uganda.
• How has the international relation in America changed in the past five years?
• What do people think about politicians becoming corrupt?
• What is the US’s Foreign Policy?
• The effects of the Syrian war on its politics.
• Analyzing the ethics of NGOs in America.
• What is the IMF (International Monetary Fund)?
• What causes poverty on a planetary scale?

Public Administration Topics

Are you interested in writing about public administration as part of your political sciences essay? Just take a quick look at some very public administration topics:

• How was the private sector innovated in the United States?
• Methods of community development.
• What vision did John Rohr have of the constitution?
• Ethics of the nonprofit organization.
• Administration careers of transport security.
• The compromise of environmental management.
• Innovations in the United States private sector.
• How does the Federal Emergency Management Agency work?
• What is fiscal management and why is it so important?
• How do governments coordinate their efforts?
• The best ways to reduce bureaucracy in the US.

Current International Relations Topics

Your professor is most definitely interested in current events more than he is interested in reading about the past. Give your take on any of these wonderful current international relations topics:

• Description of how the IMF works.
• What is the major cause of poverty in the world?
• Research on how global security works.
• A look at Japan and China’s foreign aid policy.
• The research and discussion on the continuous effects of Brexit.
• A look at soft law manipulative treaties.
• Research on international protection in regards to children’s rights.
• Will Israel ever accept a Palestinian state?
• Are countries alone in their fight against the COVID-19 pandemic?
• Analyze the evolution of human rights in Rwanda.
• What causes the conflicts in Syria?
• Geopolitics: the quest for dominance.

Comparative Politics Research Topics

Did you know that writing about comparative politics can be fun? Analyze the political differences and similarities between various countries by writing a paper on one of our comparative politics research topics:

• Comparison to behavioral approach to parties.
• The United States and Japan Culture Pressure.
• Definition of Soviet Union Ideology and its impact.
• The Interest Aggregation of the Vietnam War.
• How developing countries recruit.
• The party hierarchy of Chinese communists.
• Traits of the Anglo Saxon in the American government.
• Compare the foreign policies of the US and the UK.
• Similarities between political parties in Scotland and Ireland.
• Differences between parliamentary and presidential democracy.
• How does apartheid begin?
• Compare and contrast communist and socialist governments.

Political Science Thesis Topics

Writing a thesis in political science can be a daunting task. However, picking the correct topic can greatly ease your workload. Here are some political science thesis topics to pick from:

• How does the endorsement by a decorated military improve the chances of a political candidate?
• What is meant when people talk about psychological politics in the modern world?
• Do unions have any impact when endorsing an election campaign?
• What impact did the Trump vs. Biden election have on foreign politics around the globe?
• Reasons why abortion should be made legal at the federal level
• What is a single controversial political decision that has impacted international policies?
• What can governments do to rid their countries of corruption?
• Should the foreign policy of the UK be changed? Why?
• How governments can help fight climate change.
• The system regulating immigration in the United States is fundamentally broken.
• Differences between the Parliament of India and the Parliament of Pakistan.

Political Philosophy Topics

Political philosophy has changed a lot over the years. Things are very much different from one country to another. Here are some interesting ideas you can use right now:

• What caused the great American Revolution of 1765?
• Is mutual tolerance in politics just a dream?
• Explain the importance of the Karl Schmidt Theses for Germany.
• What is Neopatrimonialism?
• What causes unethical behavior ahead of elections?
• Fiscal management strategic planning.
• What are the comprehensive benefits of public safety?
• What is the global independence of global leaders?
• What is religion, and is it a social power?
• What are the ethical topics that top officials in government today should discuss?
• Is there a similarity between the American and European federal crimes as seen in the past few years?
• What is the reason for the continuous immigrant crisis in Mexico?

If you need more political topics to write about (including many more international relations topics), we advise you to get in touch with our professional thesis writers . A seasoned academic writer can create a list of original, interesting topics in no time. The quality of the political topics you choose greatly influences the grades you get on your research papers, so professional assistance may prove to be invaluable.

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Political Science Research Paper

This sample political science research paper features: 6600 words (approx. 22 pages), an outline, and a bibliography with 30 sources. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates.

Introduction

Definition and overview.

• Case Studies of Traditionalism
• A Case Study of Behavioralism
• A Case Study of Postbehavioralism
• Bibliography

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Within the discipline of political science in the United States, traditionalism, behavioralism, and postbehavioralism are three distinct political science research approaches. That is, each offers a perspective on how best to carry out investigation, analysis, and explanation relating to politics and political life (Dryzek & Leonard, 1988). These three approaches represent different points of emphasis regarding the ways in which research about politics should proceed. For example, it will be seen that traditionalism—in comparison with behavioralism—tends to emphasize the usefulness of analyzing governmental institutions when studying political phenomena, whereas behavioralism tends to assert the importance of research into the intricacies of the behavior of individual political actors (e.g., citizens, lobbyists, candidates, elected officials). However, all three research perspectives share the belief that political science research should produce explanations that improve and deepen our understanding of complex political processes.

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As one begins to analyze the meaning and complexity of traditionalism, behavioralism, and postbehavioralism, it is important to keep in mind three points. First, traditionalism, behavioralism, and postbehavioralism are broad categories, and within each category one finds a variety of political scientists who are not necessarily in agreement on all matters relating to the study of politics. For example, during the years in which traditionalism was the prevailing research approach within political science, Woodrow Wilson (1911) delivered an address to the American Political Science Association (APSA) that called into dispute various claims made by previous APSA president James Bryce. In 1908, Bryce had stated that political science, that is, a scientific understanding of politics, was possible insofar as human actions tended to be similar, or repeatable, over time; thus, Bryce (1909) reasoned, one could generalize about patterns of human activity and draw conclusions about political life. Wilson (1911), however, while not altogether denying the existence of some degree of patterned activity over time, stressed the uniqueness characterizing human beings and human actions. Despite these differences, both Bryce and Wilson were representative of traditionalist political science.

Second, traditionalism, behavioralism, and postbehavioralism are often linked with certain decades in the development of political science in the United States. Traditionalism is usually associated with the political science practiced during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Behavioralism is generally associated with the post-World War II period, although its origins are sometimes traced back to the 1920s. Postbehavioralism’s appearance in the discipline had been noted and commented on by the end of the 1960s (Dahl, 1992; Dryzek, 2006; Ricci, 1984).

It is important to realize, however, that these historical markers are best used as general designations, because the development of these three research approaches was too multifaceted and complex to fit neatly into rigid time categories. The emergence of a new approach did not necessarily completely or entirely displace an older one; for example, while traditionalism was challenged by behavioralism in the 1950s and 1960s, a number of political scientists continued to hold to traditionalism. Indeed, many contemporary introductory textbooks in U.S. politics continue to reflect the perspective of traditionalist political science. Moreover, not all subfields of political science were affected equally or simultaneously by the emergence of a new approach. For instance, the subfield of U.S. politics incorporated the behavioralist approach earlier than did the subfields of international relations and comparative politics (Sigelman, 2006).

Third, two of the three research approaches have tended to define themselves in opposition to their predecessors and, in so doing, have helped shape the manner in which those prior approaches have been remembered. Specifically, behavioralism defined itself in opposition to what it understood as constituting traditionalism, and post-behavioralism carved out its own identity, in part, as a critique of what it saw as the defining elements of behavioralism. As a result, one sees that the emergence of the newer approaches was coupled with a rejection of perceived deficiencies in the earlier approaches. In identifying what they saw as inadequacies in the older approaches, the newer approaches tended to highlight differences between the new and the old and, in some cases, tended to understate any similarities. For example, behavioralism emphasized its adherence to scientific method and, in so doing, sometimes gave the impression that that which it was attempting to replace—traditionalism—had not regarded itself as scientific. As becomes clear when one analyzes the actual writings of traditionalists, however, traditionalists generally saw themselves as political scientists and often made much of the fact that, as political scientists, they were not to be confused with historians (Farr, 1990; Gunnell, 2006). As early as 1910, an APSA president was calling on the discipline to employ statistical analyses to identify political patterns and test conclusions relating thereto (Lowell, 1910). Similarly, postbehavioralists, it will be seen in the discussion below, emphasized the importance of producing research that was relevant in addressing contemporary questions, but, in stressing their own newness relative to behavioralists, postbehavioralists often tended to understate the extent to which early-20th-century political scientists had also sought to use political science research to address urgent, relevant problems in U.S. life (Gunnell, 2006).

Traditionalism

Traditionalism is an approach defined by its focus on the study of political institutions, law, or a combination of these. In addition, traditionalism locates its scientific reliability in its grounding in careful historical or legal investigations that are designed to produce thorough descriptions of the subject in question (Easton, 1971; Fried, 2006; Isaak, 1985; Macridis, 1992). That is, traditionalism is an approach in political science that seeks to study political phenomena by investigating law, history, and/or institutions such as the government as a whole or narrower institutions such as legislative, executive, or judicial bodies. A traditionalist seeking to understand how the U.S. Congress works would, thus, investigate such questions as what the law (e.g., the U.S. Constitution) provides for in terms of congressional powers and limits, how Congress as an institution has evolved historically, and how Congress as an institution fits into the larger institutional network of the U.S. government in its entirety. A traditionalist seeking to understand courts could follow a similar strategy of pursuing historical questions (e.g., how courts have evolved), legal questions (e.g., what laws govern courts and how courts have participated historically in shaping laws), or institutional questions (e.g., how courts are organized and administered as institutions). A traditionalist in the field of international relations might study international law or national laws and treaties relating to interstate interactions (i.e., foreign policy).

Traditionalist political science has not been an approach that has demanded narrow or exclusive disciplinary specialization. On the contrary, early traditionalist political scientists needed to be comfortable with such fields as history or law in order to pursue their work. Francis Lieber, who, in 1857, became the first person to hold an official political science professorship in the United States, was, in actuality, a professor of both history and political science at New York’s Columbia College (Farr, 1990). Traditionalism’s breadth is also revealed in APSA president Albert Shaw’s (1907) comments that it was possible to find numerous political scientists participating in the American Historical Association as well as in “Economic and Sociological groups” (p. 178).

Traditionalist political scientists tended to be explicit in drawing connections between political science research and service to the public interest, in whatever manner the latter might be defined by the political scientist in question. Shaw’s 1907 APSA presidential address is an illustration of traditionalism’s linkage of empirical-scientific and normative-ethical objectives. “I believe that there will be a very general agreement,” Shaw asserted, “that this Association can render an extremely useful service to the country, without departing in the smallest degree from its scientific methods” (p. 181). Shaw went on to suggest that APSA might undertake investigative projects on problems or concerns relative to “the public benefit” (p. 181). In fact, a perusal of the early records published in Proceedings of the American Political Science Association and in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science reveals traditionalists’ interests in addressing child labor, political party reform, and other public welfare questions (Addams, 1906; Richberg, 1913).

Case Studies of Traditionalism: Frank Goodnow and Woodrow Wilson

For a fuller, more detailed understanding of traditionalism, one can look in greater depth at two examples of traditionalist political science. The first is Frank Goodnow’s 1904 address to the first meeting of APSA. Goodnow’s address included (a) a definition of what he called political science’s “scope” but not a technical definition of political science itself, (b) an examination of what political science was to have as its research focus, and (c) a closing statement about political science’s relevance. An examination of these three components of his address illustrates traditionalism’s salient elements of institutionalism (in the emphasis on studying the institution of the state), legalism (in the emphasis on studying law and jurisprudence), a historical perspective, and attention to the public benefits of scientific inquiry.

First, in his address, Goodnow (1904) announced that he preferred to define political science’s scope (i.e., that which political science was to study) rather than attempt a definition of political science itself. Setting out to construct a technically detailed definition of the discipline per se, Goodnow contended, was not as productive an enterprise as determining what the discipline should have as its focus of research. He pointed to what he termed the “dangerous” possibility of defining the discipline in too limited or too expansive a manner (p. 35). He proceeded to characterize political science’s scope as the investigation of states. Political scientists were neither the first nor the exclusive researchers of states, Goodnow explained, but were, rather, unique in targeting the state as a primary subject for analysis. For example, historians might study historical states and might indirectly study contemporary states, Goodnow reasoned, and economists might investigate monetary matters relating to states. However, only political scientists would have as their “main interests” the direct, detailed, “scientific” analysis of states in all their complexity. Goodnow’s comments suggest that the previously noted absence of disciplinary narrowness or specialization in traditionalist political science did not have to translate into the absence of disciplinary identity. Goodnow was, in this address, identifying himself as a political scientist as opposed to a historian, even while his approach to political science would employ historical perspectives. Moreover, in identifying the institution of the state (as opposed to the behavior of individuals, for example) as the central and defining subject matter of political science, Goodnow was conveying what is generally termed the traditionalist orientation toward institutionalism.

Second, Goodnow (1904) framed the study of states— and thus political science as a discipline—broadly. Political science’s range of investigation was to include, he argued, the study of how the “State’s will” was communicated, what comprised the “State’s will,” and how the “State’s will” was carried out. In explaining what he meant by the communication of the “State’s will,” Goodnow made reference to such matters as the values conveyed through a country’s political ideas or political theory, constitution, and political party platforms. Political values influenced state policies or will. The second element—the “content of the State will”—Goodnow identified as law (p. 40). Law revealed a state’s meaning. Indeed, one sees how closely Goodnow’s traditionalist political science was attached to the study of law when one encounters his remark that “it is very doubtful” that anyone could become a political scientist—that is, that anyone could understand states “as an object of scientific study”—without a thorough understanding of law (pp. 42-43). To understand how states carried out their “wills,” Goodnow continued, one needed to study administrative law, a subject that, in the absence of political science, had been frightfully neglected, he believed. He pointed to the benefits of studying the history of English poor laws as a guide for improving public administration generally.

Finally, Goodnow (1904) closed his address by expressing hope that political science could contribute to the public good. He identified teachers and political practitioners as two groups that could benefit directly from the knowledge produced by the disciple. Moreover, in disseminating a more descriptively accurate and comprehensive understanding of states, teachers and practitioners, in their respective professional roles, could contribute to an enhanced public well-being.

An examination of Woodrow Wilson’s (1911) address to the seventh annual APSA meeting offers a second opportunity for scrutinizing more carefully traditionalism’s breadth, a breadth critiqued as “unscientific” by later advocates of behavioralism. Although better known as the 28th president of the United States, Wilson also served as president of APSA and, in this latter capacity, argued against a narrow, specialized conception of political science. In fact, at one point in his address, he went so far as to assert that he disliked the name political science, which, he claimed, implied that human interactions should be studied objectively and narrowly. He argued for the designation politics rather than political science as a more suitable name for the study of the state and “statesmanship” (pp. 10-11). Although Wilson supported a scientific approach, if by science one meant accuracy and thoroughness in one’s study of political life, he argued that such study should include an examination of literature, art, and poetry and should seek to inspire “vision” and “sympathy” (pp. 2, 10, 11). His understanding of political science, one finds, could hardly be broader, in that he concluded that “nothing” that has an impact on “human life” should be termed “foreign” to the discipline (p. 2). Wilson argued that the astute student of politics should demonstrate “a Shakespearian range” (p. 10). Although Wilson’s immediate influence on U.S. political science was limited (Ubertaccio & Cook, 2006), his explicit embrace of an expansive politics is illustrative of traditionalism’s lack of disciplinary specialization. In addition, a comparison of his approach with that of Goodnow is helpful in reminding students of traditionalism of the approach’s internal diversity.

Behavioralism

Behavioralism emerged as a criticism of traditionalism’s failure, in the view of behavioralists, to offer an approach to the scientific investigation of political questions that was sufficiently rigorous to produce predictive results based on quantitatively tested data. Specifically, behavioralism’s defining elements include a focus on political actors and their behavior (or attitudes and opinions), value-free science, and the study of operationalizable questions through hypothesis formulation and empirical, quantitative research (Ricci, 1984). The focus on studying political actors represented a shift away from traditionalism’s concentration on the historical and legalistic study of institutions.

In turning attention to the study of political actors, many behavioralists employed survey research to compare the attitudes of voters versus nonvoters, elites versus non-elites, partisan identifiers versus independents, or other subunits of populations. Students of congressional politics could enlist behavioral approaches to shift research away from the analysis of the institutional history of legislatures to an empirical investigation of the actual behaviors of congressional officeholders, staff, or congressional committee members. Behavioralists were interested, for example, in whether members of Congress spent greater time and devoted greater resources to the actual drafting of legislation or to responding to constituency demands, campaigning for the next election, or interacting with lobbyists. Empirical observation of such behaviors devoid of normative judgments (about how voters, nonvoters, elites, masses, partisans, independents, or congressional members “should” be behaving) would, in the words of David Easton (1971), correct the traditionalist “neglect of the most obvious element, the human being” (p. 203) in the conduct of research. Moreover, not only would a “value-free” science guard against the corruption of biases associated with normative preferences, but strict adherence to the study of questions translatable into operational variables and testable hypotheses would provide a more reliable knowledge than that producible by means of traditionalism.

In a 1967 essay titled “The Current Meaning of Behavioralism,” Easton (1992) summed up behavioralism as having eight interrelated “intellectual foundation stones” (p. 47):

• “regularities”: A rigorous study of political behavior would allow political scientists to make predictions, just as natural scientists could make predictive statements.
• “verification”: Predictions were to be testable in order to be falsified or verified.
• “techniques”: Political science should become increasingly sophisticated in its use of scientific data collection and testing methods.
• “quantification”: Political science should use precise, quantifiable measurements; questions for research had to be definable in testable, operationally narrow and precise terms.
• “values”: Empirical, scientific study operates by a process different from the pursuit of normative objectives.
• “systematization”: Political science research should produce a body of systematic information; theories and generalizations could be based on sound inferences from testable data.
• “pure science”: Political science research should operate in a value free manner, that is, independently of any possible subsequent use of scientific knowledge to address perceived social problems.

Robert Dahl (1992) traced the origins of this approach to the 1920s and to the work of Charles Merriman and the so-called Chicago School of Harold Lasswell, Gabriel Almond, V. O. Key, and David Truman. By the mid-1960s, one member of this school—Almond (1966)—was proclaiming “a new paradigm” in political science (p. 875). Almond described this paradigm as having three components: (1) a “statistical approach” geared toward “test[ing] hypotheses” that would generate (2) “probability” statements and (3) a study of the interaction of actors and units within larger political “systems” (p. 876). As is clear in Almond’s language, this new behavioral approach was using highly specialized tools and methods drawn from such fields as math, statistics, economics, and psychology. Indeed, Almond pointed out that graduate study in political science was becoming increasingly focused on training students in the tools of “the scientific revolution”—tools that were turning political science in the direction of survey research, statistical sampling, and team-based and grant-funded quantitative research. During the post-World War II behavioralist period, publications in the American Political Science Review (APSR) became increasingly oriented toward statistical analyses of public opinion and behavior, especially in the subfields of U.S. politics and comparative politics (Sigelman, 2006). The new focus on studying that which could be precisely and narrowly operationalized seemed worlds removed from the one in which an APSA president could proclaim, as Woodrow Wilson had, his distaste for the term political science and his hope for a field of politics characterized by a “Shakespearean range.”

A Case Study of Behavioralism: Herbert McClosky’s “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics”

Herbert McClosky’s “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics,” published in the APSR in 1964, can serve as a case study for examining more closely the salient features of the behavioralist approach. As the title of his article suggested, McClosky was interested in the extent to which consensus, or broad agreement, on political values existed in the United States. Although he opened his article with a brief overview of Tocquevillean comments on democratic culture and customs, McClosky framed his analysis around the investigation of specific hypotheses relating to the attitudes of political actors, in this case, actors grouped into two subunits of the U.S. population. McClosky hypothesized that the U.S. public was not uniform in its political views, that it was more supportive of democracy in the abstract than in particular cases, and that political elites (those whom he called influentials) were more supportive of democracy than non-elites were.

McClosky (1964) divided the U.S. population into two groups: the influentials and the general electorate. The influentials were individuals who had been delegates or alternates at the major party conventions in 1956, and the general electorate was simply the population at large. McClosky used survey research to measure the attitudes of both groups. With respect to the influentials, a sample of more than 3,000 members of the delegates and alternates at the Democratic and Republican conventions was surveyed. With respect to the general population, McClosky used a national sample of 1,500 adults. Both groups were surveyed on a variety of questions or items, and responses to the items served as “indicators” of “opinions or attitudes” about democratic values (p. 364). If a subunit manifested 75% or higher levels of agreement on an item, consensus was said to be demonstrated.

McClosky (1964) found greater degrees of consensus for democratic procedures among influentials than among the public at large. For example, his surveys contained 12 items to measure support for the “rules of the game” (procedural democracy). These items included statements that respondents were asked to register agreement or disagreement with and consisted of statements about whether a citizen could be justified in acting outside the law, whether majorities had an obligation to respect minorities, whether the means were as important as the ends in the pursuit of political outcomes, whether the use of force was ever justified as a political strategy, and whether voting rights should be expansive or curtailed. Survey results demonstrated, McClosky reported, that influentials expressed consensus on most of the 12 items, whereas the general electorate expressed consensus on none of the 12 items.

McClosky (1964) proceeded to report that, while both influentials and the general population exhibited broader support for freedom of speech when asked about this freedom in the abstract than when asked about freedom of speech for specific unpopular groups, influentials were more supportive than the general population of free speech for unpopular groups. McClosky concluded that one might be led to believe that citizens of the United States had reached consensus on the importance of freedom of speech until one looked at the noninfluentials’ responses to items involving the application of the principle to particular cases, incidents, and people. For example, support for the rights of Communists, of persons accused of treason, and of convicted criminals was higher among the influentials than among the general population.

Furthermore, McClosky (1964) reported greater consensus among influentials on the importance of the democratic value of freedom than on the democratic value of equality. In fact, McClosky reported the absence of consensus among both influentials and the general electorate on the matter of whether all people were equal, as well as on questions relating to whether all people should be accorded equality. McClosky’s surveys included indicators to measure support for political, social, and economic equality, and his results suggested an absence of consensus among both influentials and the general electorate relating to all three types of equality. In other words, on statements relating to whether most people can make responsible decisions in governing themselves (political equality), whether different ethnic groups are equal (social equality), or whether all people have an equal claim to have a good job and a decent home (economic equality), consensus was absent.

McClosky (1964) also sought to measure what he understood as ideological clarity and the ability to identify oneself accurately along ideological lines. In evaluating survey participants in terms of their responses to particular statements relating to liberal versus conservative issues and their adoption of ideological markers (liberal vs. conservative), he found that influentials were more accurate than the general population in naming themselves as liberals or conservatives and in identifying a position as liberal or conservative.

McClosky (1964) closed his article with six summarizing generalizations. First, elites (influentials) were different from non-elites in terms of a greater elite support for democratic processes and a more complete understanding of political ideology. Second, a comparison of the education and economic circumstances of the two groups suggested possible (and testable) reasons for the differences in attitudes demarcating the two groups. Third, the level of support for democracy among U.S. elites was problematic on some issues (e.g., equality). Fourth, in spite of problematic levels of attitudinal support for democratic values, the U.S. system of Republican-Democratic politics appeared stable, a result, in part, of the nonparticipation of non-democracy-supporting non-elites. In short, democracy, McClosky stated, is sometimes “saved” by the nonparticipation of uninformed segments of the demos (p. 376). Fifth, classic accounts of democracy are inaccurate when claiming that the acceptance of democratic ideas is essential for the survival of democracy. Sixth, although McClosky advised political scientists against becoming sanguine about the lack of support for democratic processes among the population at large, he shared his hope for a wider disbursement of democratic values among segments of the U.S. population as the country continued to promote educational and scientific advancements.

Students of political science can observe key elements of behavioralism in McClosky’s work. First, behavior was understood by behavioralists like McClosky broadly enough to encompass opinions and attitudes. Second, it is evident that the turning of the discipline toward the study of the behavior of actors is regarded by behavioralists to be deeply revealing of that which was hidden as long as political science held to traditionalism’s tenacious insistence on studying institutions. Behavioralism in the hands of political scientists such as McClosky had accomplished something no less remarkable than to reveal—and prove empirically—the flaws in classic, long-standing accounts of why and how democracies work. Third, behavioralists such as McClosky believed that they had succeeded in demonstrating that big questions such as the ones Wilson wanted political science to address were most reliably answered when turned into narrow, specialized, operationalizable questions and variables. After all, what could be a bigger, more Shakespearean question than the one McClosky had addressed? Yet, only by defining consensus in a narrow, testable way, for example, could McClosky study the question of democratic consensus in such a precise and careful manner. Fourth, behavioralists such as McClosky were not opposed to theoretical generalizations, but they believed that such generalizations were most appropriately developed out of concrete, empirical results; moreover, such generalizations could be used to generate new empirically testable questions. In the process of empirically measuring and testing, however, one was not to allow biases or normative presumptions (e.g., about the goodness of citizens of the United States or of U.S. democracy) to distort one’s observations. Finally, the value-free political science of behavioralists such as McClosky tended to produce conclusions that left unchallenged the fundamental structures of the U.S. status quo. As Ricci (1984), Dryzek (2006), and Susser (1992) have noted, behavioralists saw their science as value free but, perhaps ironically, often tended to produce results that fit comfortably with normative assumptions regarding the fundamental soundness of the U.S. political system’s ability to address progressively any problems that political science might bring into the open. Indeed, it might even turn out to be the case that what looked like a defect (the apathy of the uninformed) was discovered by means of behavioralism to be an asset.

Postbehavioralism

Postbehavioralism is an approach that emphasizes (a) that political science research should be meaningful, that is, that it should address urgent political problems; (b) that science and values are inextricably connected; and (c) that political science should not seek to model itself on the strict application of scientific methods used in the natural sciences whereby research is driven exclusively by that which can be reduced to narrowly defined questions testable by the most rigorous, most specialized scientific procedures presently available. Postbehavioralists reacted against what they interpreted as behavioralism’s excessive reliance on the purity of scientific precision at the expense of “relevance.” While many postbehavioralists upheld the value of empirical and statistically oriented research, they tended to argue that behavioralism had overreached in emphasizing a strict adherence to narrow scientific procedures and that behavioralism’s proclaimed value-free approach in actuality veiled a normative endorsement of the status quo and was thus both normative and conservative.

A number of postbehavioralist critics of behavioralism, including Peter Bacharach, Christian Bay, Hans Morganthau, and Theodore Lowi, would join the Caucus for a New Political Science, organized in 1967 (Dryzek, 2006). The caucus continues to conceptualize political science as best carried out when political scientists integrate their identities as community members with their identities as scholars and thus craft research agendas in response to political needs. Political science should be steeped in everyday life and its concerns, not isolated from it as an esoteric, specialized, value-free science, according to Caucus statements (New Political Science: The Journal, n.d.).

In 1969, David Easton stated that postbehavioralism was proving to be a transformative force in the discipline. Easton discerned postbehavioralism’s presence on two levels: first, postbehavioralism was identifiable as a collection of individual political scientists who shared a growing dissatisfaction with behavioralism’s implications, and, second, postbehavioralism was manifested as a new intellectual outlook or approach that could guide research. In his presidential address to APSA, Easton delineated what he called a “distillation” of postbehavioralism’s defining elements (p. 1052). Easton described postbehavioralism as a demand for relevance, as forward-looking, as application oriented, and as premised on the belief that it was nothing short of unethical for political scientists to remove themselves from the arena of deliberation and action when confronted with and surrounded by political problems. Easton made multiple references to the Vietnam War, to the threat of nuclear escalation, and to the struggles of the civil rights movement, and he noted that postbehavioralism was an indictment of behavioralism’s irrelevance in finding solutions to such problems. Indeed, Easton pointed out that, from a postbehavioralist perspective, behavioralism could be charged with failing even to see such problems, a charge that must have sounded particularly strange to students of McClosky, schooled as they were in regarding influentials or elites as more adept at identifying and understanding political issues than were members of the general electorate. Easton used the metaphor of blinders to describe what had overtaken a discipline that could not see the obvious, pressing issues of society even while it could describe in copious detail the merits of operationalization, hypothesis formulation, statistical analysis, verification, and falsification. Why, Easton asked, in an era of behavioralism (i.e., 1958-1968), had the APSR had only four articles on racial disturbances, only two articles on the practice of civil disobedience, only one article on problems of poverty, and only three articles on urban disorder?

Easton (1969) went on to explain that postbehavioralism’s critique of behavioralism was deeply grounded in an understanding of science at odds with that embraced by behavioralism. For postbehavioralists, science was unavoidably based on normative assumptions; thus, according to postbehavioralists, a “value-free” political science (the kind of political science advanced by behavioralists) was not possible. Indeed, postbehavioralists asserted that to proclaim value neutrality was itself a normative stance (i.e., an assertion that a so-called value-free stance was better than its opposite). Postbehavioralism faulted behavioralism for not having acknowledged—and thus not having scrutinized—its own normative foundations and the ways in which those foundations shaped the direction of its research agenda. However, insofar as postbehavioralism was not a rejection of an empirically based science per se, Easton hoped that postbehavioralism could elucidate behavioralism’s logic and correct its lack of self-awareness regarding its own assumptions rather than become a repudiation of the gains made in political science’s shift away from the early and less scientifically oriented methods of traditionalism. In later years, some scholars would come to regard postbehavioralism’s legacy as opening up possibilities of a more “eclectic” application of research methods to the study of political phenomena (Lane, 1990, p. 927).

A Case Study of Postbehavioralism: The Perestroika Protest in Political Science

In December 2000, PS: Political Science and Politics published “Voices: An Open Letter to the APSA Leadership and Members.” The letter, signed by more than 200 political scientists, had been circulated by someone referring to himself or herself as “Mr. Perestroika.” Echoing postbehavioralist concerns from decades earlier, the Perestroika protest letter charged APSA and APSR with having a disciplinary obsession with quantitative methodology at the expense of meaningful subject matter. Its narrow methodological focus, the letter argued, had rendered APSA and its premier journal remote from the actual world of scholarly work undertaken by most political scientists. The letter called for increased openness in APSA (e.g., in elections to APSA governing bodies and to the APSA editorial board), the inclusion of a broader range of articles in APSR, public disclosure of survey results that could demonstrate widespread dissatisfaction with the discipline’s direction, and greater openness to critical voices in the discipline. Noting that they had not organized themselves into an actual caucus or subunit within APSA, the Perestroika letter signees, nonetheless, claimed to speak for a broad segment of political scientists (“Voices,” 2000).

Perestroika supporter Gregory Kasza expanded on the concerns expressed in the initial letter in “Perestroika: For an Ecumenical Science of Politics” (2001). One can see in Kasza’s elaboration of the Perestroika protest six major points illustrative of postbehavioralism. First, it was claimed that U.S. political science had been distorted by the dominance within the discipline of highly specialized quantitative research approaches; because of this dominance, Kasza asserted, political scientists seeking to produce scholarly works using qualitative approaches were being marginalized. Second, Kasza argued that the marginalization of nonquantitative approaches constituted a breach of academic freedom. Political scientists, he contended, were being pressured to mold their substantive interests to fit the contours of rigid methodologies and frameworks; he mentioned an anonymous graduate student who had been warned that she would fail as a political scientist if she did not make her dissertation conform to rational choice strictures. Third, in allowing a narrow understanding of science to become dominant within the discipline, political science was undercutting its ability to produce sound scholarship. Indeed, Kasza went so far as to assert that a Perestroika movement could save the discipline from producing subpar scholarship. Fourth, Kasza made the quintessentially postbehavioral call for a political science that was more “relevant” in addressing substantive political concerns. Fifth, Kasza suggested that, in seeking to become as sophisticated a science as possible, political science had actually become something of an adventure in fiction. Kasza charged that scientifically oriented political scientists were, in all too many cases, operationalzing human motives, desires, and choices in such narrow terms (in order to be rigorous) as to render their subjects caricatures.

Finally, Kasza (2001) offered an alternative, “ecumenical” approach. Ecumenism, he explained, would be defined by three elements. First, an ecumenical political science would select problems for analysis and then make decisions about which research approaches would best address the problem, rather than adopting a research approach and defining problems to fit the requirements of the research approach. Second, an ecumenical political science would be explicit in its acceptance of a plurality of methods or approaches. Specialized quantitative methodologies would coexist with qualitative methodologies in an open and expansive political science; for example, graduate programs would reintegrate political philosophy and policy studies into their core areas in a Perestroika-driven discipline. Third, an ecumenical political science would value interdisciplinary study. Kasza urged political scientists to rethink graduate training and, specifically, to institute dual-degree graduate programs. Political science graduate students should be encouraged to earn master’s degrees in alternative and diverse fields, fields encompassing the humanities as well as hard sciences.

In calling for interdisciplinary collaboration, Kasza (2001) was aware that he and other Perestroika supporters were challenging political science to regain something from its earlier orientation. Indeed, in the postbehavioral Perestroika protest, one can recognize remnants of traditionalism. One is reminded of the cross-disciplinary approach of Goodnow when reading recent demands for interdisciplinary breadth in graduate training. At the same time, one can observe in postbehavioralism a parallelism linking the demand to study real people (rather than excessively narrowly operationalized “actors” described by behavioralists) with behavioralism’s impatience with traditionalism’s earlier preference for studying institutions rather than people. Neither the Perestroika protesters nor other advocates of postbehavioralism purged political science of behavioralism. In fact, at present, one can find all three approaches in political science. One might conclude from a study of the history of traditionalism, behavioralism, and postbehavioralism that political science, as a discipline, has been characterized not as much by complete breaks with preexisting research approaches as by periodic shifts and rearrangements of research emphases (Dryzek, 2006).

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Art notions in the age of (mis)anthropic ai.

1. Introduction

2. generative ai, 3. art notions, 3.1. conceptual aspects, 3.1.1. ontological, 3.1.2. taxonomic, 3.2. the cultural normalization of ai, 3.3. authorship and agency, 3.4. tricky distinctions, 3.4.1. porous perimeters, 3.4.2. critical approaches, 4. undercurrents, 4.1. the machinic agency fetishism, 4.2. the objectivization of humans, 4.2.1. computers as humans.

The separation between “reasonable” and “unreasonable” ideas [in AI science], which we might call superstition is less clear than one might expect. In Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Alan Turing considers the use of a “telepathy-proof room” to protect the integrity of his Imitation Game from players exhibiting extrasensory perception. This may cause us to cringe in hindsight—it’s uncomfortable to imagine heroes of science believing such unlikely things. But good science demands open-mindedness and the courage to challenge accepted truths. AI researchers are in a difficult position, expected to dismiss “silly” ideas like telepathy and yet take seriously the idea that bits of metal and silicon might become intelligent if you program them the right way.

4.2.2. Sociotechnical Blindness

4.3. ideologies, 5. discussion, 5.1. generative ai as a cultural conduit, 5.2. generative ai, art, and democracy, 5.3. the elusive paradigms, 6. conclusions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

1	( ), ( ), ( ), and ( ) provide concise overviews of generative AI and its common issues.
2	). Other large-scale language-vision models include ALIGN, BASIC, GLIDE, Flamingo, and Imagen.
3	).
4	; ).
5
6	( ; ) and ( ).
7	). While its scope expanded beyond well-known artists and styles with the large/foundation models, the field’s overall approach to art remains superficial.
8
9
10	), some authors believe it plays positive social roles by enabling less privileged groups to access art and own the affordable interpretations of artworks, which facilitates a sense of community and promotes wellbeing ( ).
11
12	( ) analysis of Turing’s biography and contemporaneous accounts concludes that he met Gillberg, ICD-10, and DSM-IV criteria for Asperger’s syndrome, which places him within the autism spectrum disorder.
13	( ) and vivid accounts of the prevalence of similar mindsets among the Silicon Valley hackers in Jaron Lanier’s autobiography Dawn of the New Everything ( ).
14	).
15
16
17
18	).

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Grba, D. Art Notions in the Age of (Mis)anthropic AI. Arts 2024 , 13 , 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts13050137

Grba D. Art Notions in the Age of (Mis)anthropic AI. Arts . 2024; 13(5):137. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts13050137

Grba, Dejan. 2024. "Art Notions in the Age of (Mis)anthropic AI" Arts 13, no. 5: 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts13050137

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How to balance the tension between the state and the market. Develop three strategies which developing countries can adopt to balance state/market relations in the context of globalisation. draw on three contending theoretical perspectives of international

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The paper looks at the tension between the state and the market, and how it has been proven to be caused naturally. It will explore how globalization has made this further possible.

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State, market and globalization are three concepts, the interrelation and influence of which can be traced throughout almost the entire period of their existence. It is possible that, according to some anthropologists, in primitive societies the economy was not based on market relations, but the formation of market institutions is impossible without protection from the government (state or at least quasi-state) and even more so without direct creative intervention of the state. At the same time, however, it should be borne in mind that in the context of globalization there are ongoing changes both in the essence of the state and in the tasks that it must solve. Sometimes there are allegations of erosion or extinction of the nation-state, which are not yet true. Of course, the political and economic development of society makes its adjustments, but functions such as protection from economic aggression, legislative provision of fair competition, participation in large projects that ca...

Time and again we are reminded that capitalism is more about competiveness and its advantages than ownership. Critics say that what we find today is not planning for people but planning for capital. Does this auger well for India " s faster and more inclusive growth? That way even in the classical capitalist growth theory does not preclude petering of growth. State activity then is necessary to make " stationary state " a state of activity if not of growth. There is entry for " state in the market " .The " State " has evolved, so has its functions, the latter often overlapping. The changes have been more in " domain " than in " direction " in general. From the era of laissez faire to state socialism and then to neo-liberalism, in every phase and every reform, " market " has been the crux of the matter. Again from non-interventionist, free market policy to public distribution and to the present privatisation bogey and further to the need for market/globalisation management, the debate goes on.While some pay eulogy to the market pointing out state failure, others hail the government (state) pointing out the market failure. That means the solutions lie in finding the right balance between the state and the market which is precisely what China and India are trying to do now. Although the debate " state versus market " per se is an old one, the recent changes in the international political economy have deepened the debate. More generally, the trends of the past decade have generated considerable debate about the role of knowledge, transnational corporations (TNCs), and multilateral institutions as vehicles for promoting growth and development. While the virtues of economic globalisation and the liberal market-oriented ideology continue to reign, evidence abounds of an increasing unease with the effects of unbridled market forces. In India for instance, besides the visible ills of globalisation (and/or marketization) including ecological imbalance, the perceived ones also have made the both the central and state governments to go in for more and more safety nets and public programmes like food security, job guarantee, direct cash transfer etc., in the name of market regulation.The present paper while considering some theoretical insights to the debate, tries to make a conscious decision to seek modern expressions of the major perspectives, viz., liberalism, economic nationalism, and structuralism. We also try to examine how – as Geoffrey Underhill feels – state and market make up a matrix or a " condominium " , i.e. " an integrated ensemble of governance " in order to move in a more welfare-oriented and redistributive direction. The limitations of the study: need to consider the complex situations in the functions of all the layers of the government in a federal setup , and the viewpoints of all the stakeholders, citizens, corporates etc., to focus upon the new trends in citizen centric governance.

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This article summarises the main arguments of a critical literature that radically questions the neoclassical economic theory of state-market relations and identifies the fundamental methodological weaknesses of this school of thought. As an alternative, it presents an interpretation of the methodology on which Original Institutionalism, the political economy movement launched by Thorstein Veblen, is based. The article proposes an understanding of the economy and markets as emerging institutions, reflecting a metaphysics of social systems that views the latter as complex, self-organised and interactive processes. The state-market relationship is analysed in light of this institutional interactivity. Highlighting the co-evolution of state and market, the article attributes a central role to industrial policy in economic development processes.

COURSE DESCRIPTION: The course aims to provide an in-depth coverage of the political economy of globalization and development with a particular focus on emerging powers and their changing role in the global political economy. The first part of the part of the course will cover broader debates on Northern and Southern varieties of capitalism, states and markets in development, the relationship between democracy and development. The second part of the course will focus explicitly on individual BRICS and near BRICS. Particular attention will be paid to the respective developmental strategies as well as similarities and contrasts in the regional and global roles of China, India, Brazil and Russia. Finally, the course will consider the role of emerging powers in the context of global governance. The role of emerging powers is investigated in the context of the global economic crisis and their influence on the future course of development in the " global South " .

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How to Write a Political Science Research Paper

Overview of a political science research paper.

Writing political science research papers could be an interesting endeavor, and a challenging one at the same time. Generally, research papers in the political science field adopt the approach common to social sciences.

You are required to apply the course acquired knowledge in resolving contemporary issues in the society.

It also demands the demonstration of different skills, including  steps for to writing a research paper . 

Structure of a Good Political Science Research Paper  

Political science research papers should assume the general structure of a research paper usually adopted by majority of the social sciences. This structure should be as illustrated below.

a) Introduction:  This part should encompass the background of the study and should clearly stipulate the motivation behind the research query. Such a background is supposed to focus on the history of the issue under study from its emergence to the current state.

The introduction should also help paint a general picture of what the research study is going to explore.  It should as well contain the thesis statement or research question(s) guiding the study.

b) Literature Review:  In political science research papers, the literature review part plays an important role in exploring the relevant research gap.

In this, it seeks to understand the relationship between various past incidences and the issue under study.

You should therefore explore the various bodies of existing knowledge as well as the prevailing political environment.  

In so doing, this section should lay a solid theoretical foundation for the study.

c) Methodology:  This section defines important guidelines on how to write a political science research paper. It stipulates the processes and techniques used in realizing the research study results.

Per se, the section covers important elements of the research paper, including study design, research population, sampling technique, data collection, and data analysis.

It is important to note that for the paper to be deemed scientific, it must provide for the processes through which other researchers can validate the study results.

d) Results:  This section deals with the presentation of the research results. Particularly, data collected is sorted and tabulated to form logical patterns.

No discussions are made in this section.

Tables and graphs should be a critical part of this section.

The entailed tables and graphs should be clearly labeled, ensuring that they have the correct units for the readers to understand the respective data. 

e) Discussions:  In political science research papers, this section endeavors to relate the derived research results to the study thesis.

It seeks to explain how the results helped resolve the study problem.

As such, you should use the data to develop patterns that advance arguments highlighted in the thesis statement.

You should also note possible differences between derived patterns and the research expectations. 

f) Conclusion:  This section entails a summary of the main points in the research paper. It as well makes a statement on how the research study solved the research problem.

Principally, the conclusion should merge the research results and the research objectives. It could also suggest new areas for future research. 

g) References:  This section includes all the resources used in the research study. It should comply with the format provided in the political science research paper instructions.

You should understand that this section is quite essential in ensuring that your work remains authentic.

Borrowed data must be effectively acknowledged.   

Steps on how to Write a Political Science Research Paper

In political science, the process of writing a research paper should include the below steps:

a) Selecting research paper topic : This is a critical step in shaping your research paper. Selecting the research topic should be done through a general reading on issues in area of interest.

You should make sure that you select a topic that is interesting to you. Also, the topic area should have adequate resources to ensure exhaustive exploration.

b) Developing the research question:  This step is quite important in writing political science research papers. It helps determine what issues you should seek to resolve or address in your research paper.

c) Coming up with the research design : in this step, you are required to explore the kind of data that is essential in answering the research question(s) and the processes of acquiring such data.

Such data is usually qualitative or quantitative. As such, you should conduct an evaluation on the tools that are most appropriate in collecting the respective data.  

d) Developing the thesis : This entails coming up with argument(s) to be advanced in the political science research paper. After conducting a preliminary study on your research topic, you are required to come up with a major argument to be advanced in your research study.

This argument is usually later revised to streamline it with available data and derived themes.  

Notably, the thesis should be serious and important, contestable, and bring forward a particular claim.

e) Collecting and analyzing data:  This entails collecting and analyzing secondary and primary data. Data should be collected and analyzed to form logical patterns/themes.

In this step, you should appropriately cite all the secondary data used.

f)   Compiling data : This step entails putting the collected data together to form a lucid argument(s) supporting the political science research paper thesis.

You should ensure that personal opinions and information that do not support the thesis is not included.

g) Referencing : This step involves compiling all the resources used in writing the paper. You should ensure that the provided referencing format is followed to the latter.

h) Proofreading : This step entails going through the paper severally, to ensure that it adheres to all relevant instructions, it is devoid of mistakes, and it is coherent. 

You should reread your work at least twice to help eliminate all possible mistakes.