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Pyramids and mummies

What are pyramids and mummies?

When people in Ancient Egypt died, they were mummified – this was a long process of preserving the body, and designing a coffin with painted pictures and writing. When the pharaohs (kings and queens) of Egypt died, they were mummified and buried in large stone pyramids. We can still see these pyramids today.

The process of mummifying and burying a body was done to help the person travel successfully through the underworld, which would get them to the afterlife and the god Osiris, who was king of the underworld.

Top 10 facts

• When people died, they were mummified – this process took a long time, but it prepared them for the afterlife.
• The Egyptians believed that there were many gods who oversaw different parts of life on earth and life after death. It was important that someone was able to reach the afterlife and the god Osiris, so mummification was taken very seriously.
• During the mummification process, the internal organs were put into containers called canopic jars .
• The pharaohs – the kings and queens of Egypt – were thought to be gods themselves. Some were buried in elaborate tombs called pyramids, though some were buried in underground tombs in the Valley of the Kings.
• The pyramids at Giza are the biggest that we can see today , but we have found around 80 pyramids from Ancient Egypt.
• Pyramids took a long time to build, so work would start on them while the pharaoh was still alive.
• The Egyptians used their knowledge of maths to build pyramids that were shaped well and positioned properly.
• Inside pyramids, there were different chambers that held things the king would need in the afterlife.
• Pyramids also included shafts that pointed upwards, so the pharaoh’s ‘ba’ (soul) could escape.
• We have learned about how mummies were made, and what Egyptians believed about the afterlife, thanks to discoveries by archaeologists.
• c2600 BC Pyramids started to be built

• 2555-2450 BC The pyramids in Giza were built, as well as the sphinx

• 1473-1458 BC Queen Hatshepsut ruled

• 1279-1213 BC King Rameses II ruled
• 51-30 BC Cleopatra VII ruled; she was the last pharaoh
• 1799 AD The Rosetta stone was found
• 1922 AD King Tutankhamen’s tomb was discovered

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Did you know?

• Kings and queens in Egypt were called pharaohs. Egyptians believed that pharaohs were gods, and that Horus – the god of the sky (who had a falcon’s head) – gave them power.
• When pharaohs died, they would be buried in decorated tombs. These tombs would sometimes be inside a pyramid, which has four faces shaped like triangles.
• The largest pyramid in Egypt is the Great Pyramid of Giza , which today is 138.8 metres tall. It might have taken more than 20 years to build! It was a tomb for King Khufu.
• Sometimes pharaohs weren’t buried in pyramids. This happened with King Tutankhamen (also called King Tut, for short), who died when he was very young. There wasn’t time to build him a pyramid, so they made a tomb for him in the Valley of the Kings.
• Tombs would be covered by a decorated stone called a stela – it had information about the person buried inside.
• Some Egyptian gods had animal heads, which would have something to do with the certain kind of power that the god had. For instance, the god Khnum had the head of a ram, because he was a mighty fighter. Horus, who had a falcon’s head, was the god of the sky.
• The Egyptians invented mummification, which is a process of preserving a body. There was a lot involved in mummifying, and it was all very important because people believed it helped them get to the afterlife. It was also expensive, so only people who could afford it were mummified.
• Making a mummy could take 70 days – that’s over two months!
• Not just humans were mummified – archeologists have found mummies of animals such as cats, dogs and even bulls and crocodiles. This was done to please the gods.
• The Great Sphinx is a huge stone sculpture near the pyramids in Giza. It has the head of a person with the body of a lion. Archaeologists aren’t sure when it was made, or even why it was made, so the Great Sphinx is a great mystery to us today.

Look at the images in the gallery and see if you can spot the following:

• Pyramids and the Sphinx
• Pharaoh Tutankhamun's gold mask
• Canopic jars
• The pyramids at Giza
• An illustration of the embalming process
• A mummy in the Vatican Museum
• The head of a Pharaoh's Sarcophagus
• A mummy and a sarcophagus
• A map showing the Valley of the Kings and temples to different gods
• The inside of a step pyramid

Pyramids had different looks as the style developed over the centuries. They started as step pyramids, which looked like a staircase with different levels. When Snefru was pharaoh, builders tried to get a smoother shape and made a pyramid that started out at one angle then sloped to another angle at the top, looking a bit bent – this is called the Bent Pyramid. Snefru had another pyramid built that did have smooth, perfectly angled sides – this is called the Red Pyramid. The Great Pyramids were built like that one.

The Egyptians believed in many different gods that oversaw different parts of life. The also believed that when people died, they would enter the afterlife. This involved travelling through the underworld to get to Osiris, who was the king of the underworld.

Because of this, they thought the body should be in as good condition as possible – they believed that the soul still needed the body in the afterlife. They realised that bodies buried without any covering in the dry, salty sand were better preserved than those buried in closed coffins. From there, they began to dry out the body before it was buried by using a type of salt called natron.

To prepare for the drying stage, the brain would be removed by inserting a hook in the nose, and organs would be taken out of the body and placed in jars. These were called canopic jars, and each one had a different top and a special purpose:

• The jar for the intestines had a falcon head, and was called Qebehsenuf.
• The jar for the stomach had the head of a desert dog, and was called Duamutef.
• The jar for the liver had the head of an ape, and was called Hapy.
• The jar for the lungs had a human head, and was called Imsety.

It took 40 days to dry out the body using natron. Then, it would be wrapped in lots and lots of linen strips, using resin to hold the strips in place. Sometimes a mummy mask would be placed on the head, over the linen wrappings, and then the mummy would be put inside a wooden coffin, and maybe even a stone one as well (an Egyptian coffin is also called a sarcophagus).

The coffin was painted in bright colours, with hieroglyphics on it that were meant to help the person in the afterlife. The underworld could be a dangerous place, with many obstacles that would stop you from reaching Osiris. Because of this, people were buried with specially written spells to help them combat some of these things. Mummies also had amulets – good luck charms – to protect them on their journey.

Mummies were buried with scrolls called the Book of the Dead , which explained how to go through the underworld and what spells and chants to use. The Book of the Dead was sometimes written on tomb walls too, and some scrolls had pictures. Scribes would write copies of the Book of the Dead on papyrus.

The Egyptians believed that you’d need food, money, tools and even slaves in the afterlife, so many treasures and sculptures were left in tombs. Tomb robbing was common, so sometimes pyramids would be built with false entrances to keep the real entrance hidden.

Famous pharaohs:

Queen Hatshepsut – She was one of the first female pharaohs, and very successful. She expanded Egypt’s trade network, and had many different buildings constructed. King Khufu – He had the Great Pyramid at Giza built. King Tutankhamen – He wasn’t pharaoh for very long, and died when he was only 18. He has been one of the most well-known pharaohs since his tomb was discovered in 1922 in the Valley of the Kings. King Rameses II – He was a very successful pharaoh; Rameses helped Egypt prosper, and ruled for a long time. Queen Cleopatra VII – She was the last pharaoh, and known for being very beautiful and very smart. She had a child with Julius Caesar and killed herself when she knew the Romans were going to conquer Egypt in 30 BC.

Related Videos

Just for fun...

• Spell your name with hieroglyphics!
• Make your own paper models of the  Great Pyramid of Khufu and the Sphinx
• Print this out and design your own sarcophagus
• Build your own pyramid in this interactive game
• Prepare a pharoah for his tomb with some digital mummy-making
• Read a National Geographic Kids comic set in the land of the Phaoroahs
• Play Find the Pharaoh's Fragment game and solve an Egyptian mystery
• Watch a Horrible Histories song about Cleopatra,  Crafty Cleopatra

See for yourself

• See actual mummies at the British Museum
• Explore the Giza Pyramids near Cairo on your computer
• Look at some Ancient Egyptian temples rebuilt in 3D
• See some of Ancient Egypt’s most remarkably preserved mummies
• Images of a mummified cat

Best children's books about pyramids and Egyptian mummies

Find out more:

• Download British Museum resources about Egyptian mummies ,  how mummies were made  and the development of mummification
• An archaeologist at the American Museum of Natural History answers kids' questions about mummies in video interviews
• Read a BBC Bitesize step-by-step guide to making a mummy
• The DKfindout! children's guide to pyramids and mummies
• Watch BBC video clips about how the pyramids were constructed
• Read the story of how  Howard Carter found King Tut’s tomb
• Look through an image gallery of the treasures of Tutankhamun
• Find out about animal mummies and look inside an animal mummy
• Information about how Imhotep, the royal architect of the Pharaoh Djoser, built the first step pyramid in about 2700 BCE, in PBS videos
• Read about  canopic jars and how they were used

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Free Ancient Egypt Printables and Worksheets for Kids

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Ancient history is a topic that is frequently taught in elementary school and again in high school. These Ancient Egypt printables and worksheets will help students learn about the history, culture, and geography of this ancient civilization.

I am a big fan of using hands-on educational ideas whenever possible, but sometimes a printable or worksheet is useful. They are a way for students to work independently and show what they have learned.

These Ancient Egypt printables and worksheets are a great addition to an Ancient History unit study. Save this post so you can always find these resources to add to your lesson plans.

All of these Ancient Egypt printables and worksheets are free at the time of publishing, but I can not guarantee that they will stay that way because I do not control these resources.

• Hieroglyphics

Kids usually enjoy learning to decode and write in hieroglyphics.

Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics Decoding Worksheet Activity – These printable Ancient Egypt worksheets contain a hieroglyphics code, words to decode, and space to write your own message.

Write Your Name in Hieroglyphics – This printable hieroglyphic code shows symbols for each letter of the English alphabet. Kids can write their names and the names of their family and friends in hieroglyphics.

Hieroglyphic Answers – Students can answer a few questions using hieroglyphics.

Ancient Egypt Maps

Blank Ancient Egypt Map – Students can color and label notable regions and areas of Ancient Egypt with this free printable map.

Mapping Ancient Egypt – Kids can pretend to be cartographers with this printable activity. They will color and label a map of Egypt and a map key.

Ancient Egypt and Surrounding Areas – This printable activity asks students to color and label key places on a map.

Flooding Season Map – Students will draw and describe three seasonal changes in the Nile River in Egypt.

Ancient Egypt Unit Research Activity Templates – Learning to research and present the findings is a useful educational skill. Students will use these templates to organize and display their research on famous ancient Egyptians. There are templates for:

• Thutmose III
• Queen Hatshepsut
• Ramses the Great
• Blank – so students can research the figure of their choice

Fact-Finding Notebooking Pages – These notebooking pages encourage kids to research a variety of people and topics related to Egyptian history. On each page, they will write 4 things they learned and found interesting.

Ancient Egypt Notes – These two-page doodle note papers have space for students to take notes on Ancient Egyptian culture and geography.

Ancient Egypt Timeline – Students will create an Ancient Egypt timeline. Then they will color-code historical periods and highlight significant events.

Build a Pyramid Craft – This simple Ancient Egypt printable will show kids how to construct a pyramid.

Ancient Egypt Review Game – This printable review game will require a few students to play, but could be a fun way to review Ancient Egypt vocabulary. The game is similar to the game Headbandz. Kids will hold a card to their heads without looking at it. Their teammate will offer clues and definitions to see if the other player can guess the word.

Word List – This Ancient Egypt word list printable features cards with Egypt words and pictures. It would be a great way to tie language arts activities into an Ancient Egypt unit study. Kids could spell the words, hang them in a writing center, put them in alphabetical order, or use them as writing prompts.

Mummification Process – Students will arrange the photo cards to show the steps in the mummification process.

Social Pyramid Origami – Students will show what they know about social roles on each pyramid level.

God and Goddess Social Media – Kids can create a pretend social media account for an Ancient Egyptian god or goddess. They will create a username, profile picture, and a post. This is a creative way to see what they know about each god or goddess.

Ancient Egyptian Death Mask – This blank death mask can be used to recreate a famous death mask or it can be used to create a fictional death mask.

Reading Passages and Reading Comprehension

Easy Teacher Worksheets has a collection of reading comprehension printables that are all about Ancient Egypt. Kids can learn history while developing reading comprehension skills.

Topics include:

• Tutankhamun
• The Pyramids
• Canopic Jars
• Agriculture in Ancient Egypt
• Ancient Egyptian Gods
• Growing Up in Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt Cleopatra Reading Comprehension – Students will read a few paragraphs about Cleopatra and then demonstrate that they understood the passage with two short quizzes.

Ancient Egypt Farming Seasons Reading Comprehension – Students will read a few pages about the agricultural year in Ancient Egypt. After they have finished reading, they will show what they have learned by answering vocabulary and comprehension questions.

Egyptian Coloring Pages

Ancient Egypt Elements – This coloring page is great for young kids who are learning about Ancient Egypt.

Coloring Pages and Word Searches – This set of Ancient Egypt Printables contains a few coloring pages and a word search.

Ancient Egypt Placemat – The British Museum has put together a great printable Ancient Egypt coloring page that can be used as a placemat (if laminated to protect against spills).

I hope these free printables are helpful!

Check out these other Ancient History posts!

Fun Ancient Egypt Lesson Plans for Kids

Fun Ancient Rome Activities and Ideas for Kids

Welcome! My name is Jennifer. I am a teacher at heart. Before my children were born I was a public school teacher. Now, I am a homeschooling mom of two.

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Primary Homework Help Ancient Egypt: History, Culture!

The Great Pyramid of Giza, a testament to the advanced engineering and construction skills of the ancient Egyptians, was indeed completed within an impressive timeframe of approximately 20 years.

This historical marvel, along with the rich culture, powerful rulers, and daily life in ancient Egypt, is a key subject of interest for students seeking primary homework help on this ancient civilization.

Ancient Egypt remains one of the most intriguing subjects for students because of its:

For example, the construction of the Great Pyramid, attributed to Pharaoh Khufu, showcases not just architectural prowess but also the organizational capability of ancient Egypt, given the limited technology of the time.

Unraveling the mysteries of ancient Egypt provides invaluable insights into human history and the ingenuity of early civilizations.

Table of Contents

Key Takeaways

Ancient egyptian civilization overview.

The Ancient Egyptian civilization developed along the banks of the Nile River, shaping a complex society with advanced agricultural practices and a rich culture. This civilization flourished for over 3,000 years, characterized by remarkable stability and continuity.

The Egyptians were adept at harnessing the Nile’s annual flooding through a sophisticated irrigation system, enabling them to cultivate surplus crops and support a dense population.

Their society was stratified, with the pharaoh at the top, followed by the ruling elite, scribes, artisans, and farmers.

Religion played a central role in their lives, influencing art, architecture, and daily rituals. The Egyptians also made significant advancements in medicine, mathematics, and engineering, as evidenced by their impressive pyramids and temples.

Their hieroglyphic writing system, papyrus scrolls, and intricate burial practices demonstrate their intellectual and cultural sophistication.

Pharaohs and Rulers of Egypt

Developing along the banks of the Nile River, Ancient Egyptian civilization was overseen by a succession of powerful pharaohs and rulers who shaped its political and cultural landscape.

The table below outlines some of the most notable pharaohs and rulers of Ancient Egypt and their contributions to the civilization.

These leaders left a lasting legacy, shaping the history and identity of Ancient Egypt.

Daily Life and Culture

Daily life and culture in ancient Egypt were influenced by the leadership of pharaohs and rulers who shaped the civilization’s political and cultural landscape.

The daily existence of ancient Egyptians was deeply intertwined with their religious beliefs, leading to a rich tapestry of rituals and traditions that permeated every aspect of their lives.

The emotional response evoked in the audience includes:

• A sense of awe at the grandeur of the monumental architecture and the intricate burial practices that reflected the Egyptians’ profound reverence for the afterlife.
• Fascination with the hieroglyphic writing system, which served as a tangible link to the past and communicated the Egyptians’ deep spiritual beliefs.
• Respect for the societal structure that upheld the values of loyalty, harmony, and balance, embodying the Egyptian worldview and way of life.

Egyptian Gods and Religion

Incorporating their religious beliefs into daily life frequently shaped the ancient Egyptians’ interactions with their pantheon of gods and their practice of elaborate rituals.

The Egyptians worshiped a diverse array of gods and goddesses, each associated with specific aspects of life, such as fertility, the afterlife, and the sun.

For example, Ra, the sun god, was highly revered and considered the creator of the world. Additionally, the goddess Isis was known as a powerful protector and the ideal mother.

To honor these deities, the ancient Egyptians engaged in various religious ceremonies, including offering sacrifices, performing rituals, and constructing elaborate temples.

Their belief in the afterlife also influenced their burial practices and the construction of grand tombs and pyramids to ensure a successful journey to the next world.

Building the Pyramids

The ancient Egyptians utilized advanced engineering techniques to construct the pyramids, reflecting their dedication to honoring their gods and preparing for the afterlife.

The enormity of the task and the precision with which the pyramids were built evoke a sense of awe and wonder, showcasing the determination and ingenuity of the ancient Egyptians.

The sheer scale of these structures, rising majestically from the desert, leaves a lasting impression on all who behold them, igniting a sense of curiosity about the civilization that created such marvels.

The intricate hieroglyphics and artwork adorning the pyramids speak of a culture deeply rooted in spirituality and a belief in the afterlife, prompting a sense of reverence and respect for their traditions.

The enduring legacy of the pyramids serves as a testament to the timeless allure of ancient Egypt.

The ancient Egyptian civilization was a fascinating and influential society with a rich history and culture.

From the powerful pharaohs to the construction of the magnificent pyramids, the legacy of Egypt continues to captivate and inspire people around the world.

As the saying goes, ‘The past is the key to the future,’ and by studying ancient Egypt, we can gain valuable insights into the development of human civilization and the enduring impact of ancient cultures.

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Over 6,200 homeschool resources and growing!

FREE Ancient Egypt Resources: Printables, Activities & More

Published: July 15, 2019

Contributor: Annette Breedlove

Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links, meaning if you decide to make a purchase via my links, I may earn a commission at no additional cost to you. See my disclosure for more info.

As I’ve mentioned before, I have never been a big history buff. However, there are periods of history that I find more fascinating than others. Ancient Egypt is one of those periods. I find the era of queens and pharaohs not only interesting, but intriguing.

Growing up, I can remember doing several different reports and projects related to King Tut. It completely blew my mind that a boy my age would be in charge of an entire population of people. I could barely manage keeping my room clean for a week, there was no possible way I could rule over a people group.

Whether your kids are studying Ancient Egypt or they are just fascinated with one of the queens or pharaohs for a specific projects, you’ll need resources and printables to help get you started. I have gathered some printables, activities and more to help create a unit study, if you want to study about Ancient Egypt.

Want to know more about Ancient Egypt, its Pharaohs and Queens? Check out these FREE Resources!

FREE Kings and Queens Printables and Activities  | Living Montessori Now

Free Printable Pharoahs & Queens Lapbook | Tina’s Dynamic Homeschool Plus

Ancient Egypt: Queen Hatshepsut  | Education.com

Identifying Facts of Hatshepsut  | Education.com

Queen Nefertiti Facts  | Education.com

Nefertiti Fashion  | Education.com

Cleopatra Fashion  | Education.com

Ancient Egyptian Cards  | Research Parent

Women in History: Cleopatra  | Education.com

Cleopatra Coloring Page  | Education.com

Queen Hatshepsut: Facts, Accomplishments & Death  | Study.com

Ancient Egypt Unit Study: Second Grade  | Royal Baloo

Shop Egyptian Pharaohs on Teachers Pay Teachers

Ancient Egyptian Games with FREE Printable  | Teaching without Chairs

Egypt Pack  | 3 Dinosaurs

Pharaoh Coloring Pages  | Hello Kids

Ancient Egyptian Kings and Queens Pockets  | All That’s Goood

Cleopatra Worksheets  | Kidskonnect

Hatshepsut (Pharaoh) Facts & Worksheets  | Kidskonnect

Ancient Egyptian Kings & Queens (Dynasties & More)  | Discovering Egypt

Ancient Egypt for Kids: Pharaohs  | Egypt: Mr Donn

Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs  | Primary Homework Help

Egyptian Pharaohs  | History for Kids

Discover Ancient Egypt (15 Printables)  | Education.com

Ancient Egypt Facts for Kids  | Cool Kid Facts

Educator Resources for Egyptian Pharaohs  | BrainPop

Egypt’s Golden Empire Resources for Educators  | PBS.org

Female Pharaohs Resources  | Mummies 2 Pyramids

Egyptian Life and Culture  | The School Run

FREE Old Testament Kings: A Biblical Notebooking Adventure

Books to use during your studies

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• Ancient Egypt

Annette Breedlove

Annette has been married to her husband and best friend since 2003. Together they are raising their six children to follow the Lord’s will, no matter what. Annette longs for the day when she will meet her angel babies who have entered heaven before her. She enjoys creating UNIT STUDIES and FREE PRINTABLES for homeschool families. You can follow her crazy life at In All You Do where she blogs about homeschooling, homemaking and marriage while trying to maintain her sanity. She is also the owner of Thrifty Homeschoolers where she shares her tips on homeschooling without breaking the bank.

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Ancient Egypt - Pyramids & Ruins - Lesson 10 - KS2

Subject: History

Age range: 7-11

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

11 April 2023

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With the National Curriculum in mind, I have created a high-quality history lesson with a task attached about the Ancient Egyptians. The National Curriculum puts forward that history education should help children gain a chronologically secure knowledge, understanding of the past of the wider world. It should also inspire children’s curiosity to know more about the past and empower them to be confident historians.

This lesson focuses on the ancient Egyptian ruins such as the Karnak Temple Complex, Luxor Temple, Valley of the Kings, Kom Ombo Temple, The Philae Temple Complex , Edfu Temple, and the Abu Simbel Temples. The focus them shifts on the Construction of the Pyramids, their importance, Types of Pyramids (step, bent, and the straight pyramid). Pharaohs Djoser, Sneferu, Khufu, and Khafre. Also covered are the Step Pyramid, Bent Pyramid, Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza

This lesson is in PowerPoint format and can be taught as is or changed to suit individual classes. Detailed PowerPoint Lesson with 24 slides.

This lesson comes with suggested activity or task that is also attached. The task for this lesson is to complete an evaluation sheet after creating a pyramid with the materials provided. Please note materials can be changed or altered to your class’ needs. For this task materials needed are mini marshmallows, Blu tack, PVA glue, cocktail sticks, paper straws and craft sticks.

Learning objectives

• To learn about ancient Egyptian ruins.
• To learn about the ancient Egyptian Pyramids.

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A bundle is a package of resources grouped together to teach a particular topic, or a series of lessons, in one place.

Ancient Egypt - History Unit

With the National Curriculum in mind, I have created a high-quality history lessons with tasks attached about the Ancient Egyptians. The National Curriculum puts forward that history education should help children gain a chronologically secure knowledge, understanding of the past of the wider world. It should also inspire children’s curiosity to know more about the past and empower them to be confident historians **Each Lesson Pack Contains:** A Fully Editable PowerPoint (Learning Objectives, Variety of Tasks, Video Embedded URL Clips, Engaging Premium Quality Slides). **The 10 lessons are broken down into the following:** Introduction to Ancient Egypt River Nile Farming Religion- Gods & Goddesses Pharaohs Life After Death - Afterlife The Rich and Poor Inventions Hieroglyphics Pyramids & Ruins **Learning Objectives;** To learn about Ancient Egypt. To learn about Ancient Egypt’s geographical properties. To learn about the River Nile. To learn about the importance of the River Nile to the Ancient Egyptians. To learn about farming in Ancient Egypt. To learn about religion in Ancient Egypt. To learn about Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. To learn about ancient Egyptian pharaohs To learn about life after death in ancient Egypt To learn about the difference in lifestyles of the rich and poor. To learn about ancient Egyptian inventions. To learn about hieroglyphics. To learn about ancient Egyptian ruins. To learn about the ancient Egyptian Pyramids. **Some Key Topics Covered:** Ancient Egypt, its geographical properties (the land, climate. River Nile and its location), when? (timeline) and what is left behind (ruins)? The role of Pharaohs, Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and art. The River Nile, Ancient Egypt’s climate, the benefits of the river Nile, the black and red land. The farming, trade and the reason why Ancient Egypt’s civilisation choose to live next to the river Nile. Ancient Egypt’s farming, the black land, the Ancient Egyptian calendar (the three seasons: Ahket, Peret and Shemu), farming tools and the benefits of the river Nile. Ancient Egypt’s religious belief, polytheism, worship through life and the afterlife. Some of the gods and goddesses that are discussed include Ra (Atum), Bastet, Amun, Hathor, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Neith, Anubis, Nephthys, Geb, Nut, Bes and Tefnut. Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs, how Menes started a line of succession, with an in-depth focus on Djoser, Khufu, Hatshepsut, Akhenaton, Tutankhamun, Ramses II and Cleopatra VII. With a mention of we know about ancient Egyptians through discoveries made by archeologists. Ancient Egyptian’s life after death (afterlife), the process of mummification, canopic jars, natron salt, shroud, amulet, the book of the dead, inside the burial chamber, tombs, scenery, spells, Howard Carter, and the mummy’s curse. The differences of the rich and poor lives of the Ancient Egyptians. This lesson discusses the different jobs, houses, food, furniture and clothing. Ancient Egyptian inventions such as Cosmetic Make-up, Jewellery, Wigs, High Heels, Toothpaste, Medicine, Surgical Instruments, the Police, Lock & Key, Clocks (Obelisk & Clepsydra), the Calendar, Chairs, Tables, Senet, Throw stick, Shadoof, the Sickle and Ox-drawn Plough. Ancient Egyptian system of writing, hieroglyphics, the Invention of writing, Scribes, the use of hieroglyphics in temples, the use of hieroglyphics in tombs, the use of Record-keeping & the Government, the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and the writing materials (wood, papyrus and limestone) and examples of hieroglyphics. The Karnak Temple Complex, Luxor Temple, Valley of the Kings, Kom Ombo Temple, The Philae Temple Complex , Edfu Temple, and the Abu Simbel Temples. The focus them shifts on the Construction of the Pyramids, their importance, Types of Pyramids (step, bent, and the straight pyramid). Pharaohs Djoser, Sneferu, Khufu, and Khafre. Also covered are the Step Pyramid, Bent Pyramid, Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza

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ancient Egypt

Introduction.

Life in Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians preserved the dead as mummies by removing the internal organs and preserving the body with salt or other chemicals. In addition to those of people, thousands of mummies of sacred animals such as cats, ibises , and crocodiles have been found. Mummies of important people were placed in elaborate coffins called sarcophagi, often bearing a portrait of the deceased. The coffin of Tutankhamen was made of solid gold.

In order to preserve the dead, the Egyptians needed to know a great deal about the human body. Their study of the body produced skillful doctors. Some of the earliest medical and surgical records have been found in Egypt. One of the earliest is the Ebers Papyrus, written about 1550 bce , which lists 700 cures for common sicknesses and problems.

They remained in use even after a form of cursive writing developed in about 2900 bce . It was written in ink with a pen made of reeds. This script was mainly written on papyrus, a form of paper made from papyrus plants. Another script began to appear in about 700 bce . The new form, called demotic, was used for ordinary writing. The earlier form, called hieratic, was then used mostly for sacred writings.

The key to understanding Egyptian writing was the Rosetta Stone, a stone tablet dating from about 200 bce that was found in Egypt in 1799. The stone shows words in Greek with translations in hieroglyphics and demotic script. By comparing the Egyptian text with the Greek text, a scholar who knew Greek was able to uncover the meaning of the hieroglyphics and the demotic words.

Everyday Life

Wall paintings are an especially rich source of information about how the common people lived with their children, hunted and farmed, raised animals, and performed daily tasks. The clothing, jewelery, and hair styles of all classes of people can be clearly seen. Egyptians were fond of perfumes and cosmetics. Both men and women wore a kind of green eyeshadow and outlined their eyes with a black substance called kohl. Women also applied color to their lips and nails. Vessels to hold cosmetics and the tools needed to grind them were included in tombs for use in the afterlife.

Clothing was simple because of the hot climate of Egypt. Small children, servants, and laborers often wore little clothing. White linen was the most commonly used fabric, with wool for cloaks when warmth was needed. In early garments the cloth was simply draped and tied around the body or held in place with pins and belts. Men typically wore a skirt of linen and sometimes a vest, while women wore a straight, simple ankle-length dress with shoulder straps. Necklaces and wide collars decorated with gems were often worn. Clothing became more elaborate over time. Many people wore wigs. Men often wore beards, and a false beard made of metal was worn by the ruler—even a female ruler.

The ancient Egyptians worshiped many gods. The main god of the sun was Re (or Ra). Each city had its own special gods. When the city of Thebes grew in importance, its special god Amon did also. Eventually, the Egyptians combined Amon with Re. Amon-Re was considered the king of the gods.

Because the ancient Egyptians believed in life after death, Osiris , one of the gods of the dead, was also important. His wife Isis and his son Horus were worshiped alongside Osiris.

The ancient Egyptians were a very practical people. They learned the principles of engineering that enabled them to build vast structures such as the pyramids. They did not have pulleys to aid in lifting heavy weights, but they were able to move large stone blocks by means of sledges, rollers, and ramps. The Egyptians observed the stars and worked out calendars based on the phases of the Moon and on the solar year ( see astronomy ). They also developed a complicated system of irrigation , which was based on the flooding times of the Nile.

Earliest Egypt

In about 2900 bce a king named Menes united the two parts of Egypt. Menes built the capital city of Memphis. The site of Memphis is near Cairo , the capital of modern Egypt.

Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms

After Menes, many kings, called pharaohs , ruled ancient Egypt. During the long history there were more than 30 dynasties, or ruling families, of pharaohs. Historians have grouped several of these dynasties into three important periods: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom lasted from 2575 to 2130 bce . It was during this period that the Egyptians built their great pyramids . The best-known remains in Egypt are the three pyramids of Giza, built by Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaure beginning in about 2550 bce , during the 4th dynasty. It is still not completely understood how the Egyptians were able to build such huge stone structures with the simple means of their time. Near the second pyramid, partly cut in the rock and partly built of masonry, is the Great Sphinx. The Sphinx has the facial features of a man but the body of a lion; it is approximately 240 feet (73 meters) long and 66 feet (20 meters) high. The pyramids were part of an architectural complex, or collection of buildings that included temples and other monuments.

After 2130 bce Egypt suffered civil wars. The country was split up until about 1938 bce . Then the rulers of Thebes, a city far up the Nile in Upper Egypt, defeated their enemies and reunited Egypt. This began the Middle Kingdom, which lasted until 1630 bce . During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian rule was extended into the neighboring country of Nubia (modern Sudan) and into Syria and Palestine. The capital was moved south to Thebes, far up the Nile in Upper Egypt. This was a period of great art and architecture, but few buildings from this period survive today.

A second period of weakness followed the Middle Kingdom. An Asian people known as the Hyksos invaded Egypt. The Egyptians finally forced out the Hyksos by 1539 bce . This began the New Kingdom, which lasted until 1075 bce .

During the 19th dynasty strong kings protected Egypt. Ramses II, who ruled from 1279 to 1213 bce , carried out a vast building program. The kingdom fell apart because the kings who followed Ramses had to use the army to defend Egypt against invaders. The country split in two parts, riots and strikes were common, and disorder spread throughout the land.

Alexander and the Ptolemies

Peoples from Asia, first Assyrians and then Persians, later took over Egypt. Then in 332 bce Alexander the Great of Macedonia (a country near Greece) conquered Egypt. He founded the city of Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile.

After Alexander’s death, Ptolemy, one of his generals, seized the throne. In 323 bce Ptolemy founded a new dynasty of Egyptian kings, called the Ptolemies. The Ptolemies were Macedonians who spoke Greek, and many Egyptians disliked having foreign rulers.

Nevertheless, under the Ptolemies Egypt grew rich and powerful. They built the Pharos, a huge lighthouse, at Alexandria. Like the great pyramids, the Pharos was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The Ptolemies also built a famous library at Alexandria. Scholars came from all over the Greek-speaking world to study there.

Roman and Muslim Conquests

The last of the Ptolemies was Queen Cleopatra . Roman forces defeated her navy at the Battle of Actium in 31 bce . In 30 bce Egypt lost its independence to Rome. After the Roman Empire split in half in the 300s ce , Egypt became a part of the eastern half, called the Byzantine Empire .

Finally, in the 600s ce Muslim Arabs took over Egypt . Egypt is still a Muslim country today.

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Ancient Egypt by Mandy Barrow
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at the very top. 2. The was the second most powerful official.He was the pharaoh’s most trusted advisor. in Egyptian society were related to the pharaoh, priests, scribes, doctors, lawyers, or important military personnel. 4. Only were taught how to read and write. 6. At the bottom of the pyramid was the - please read All the materials on these pages are free for homework and classroom use only. You may not redistribute, sell or place the content of this page on or without written permission from the author Mandy Barrow. ©Copyright Mandy Barrow 2013 primaryhomeworkhelp.com Follow me on Twitter @mbarrow I teach computers at The Granville School and St. John's Primary School in Sevenoaks Kent. 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Learn about the gods they worshiped, the Pharaohs they followed and the tombs and statues they left behind. Find out about famous people like Tutankhamun, the elaborate preparations they made for an ... Pyramids and mummies The largest pyramid in Egypt is the Great Pyramid of Giza, which today is 138.8 metres tall. It might have taken more than 20 years to build! ... FREE homework help; Enter your email address. ... Having taught in primary schools for 40 years I still found your support a useful tool and a source of new and helpful information. You made my ... Egypt History for Kids This brilliant resource is a great addition to your lessons all about Egypt's history for kids. This worksheet looks in depth at the Pyramids, how they were built and what they were built for. Your students will learn that the Pyramids were built to honour the dead that was kept inside them. The bigger the Pyramid, the higher status the individual inside had. The most famous Pyramid is the ... 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Activity: Ask children to write their names in hieroglyphics using the 'crack the code' section of the resource. Can they decode the sentence provided? Ancient Egyptians Primary Resources Ancient Egypt: Pyramids primary resource. Learn about the famous tombs and how they were designed (both inside and out) Sponsored . ... Get uplifting news, exclusive offers, inspiring stories and activities to help you and your family explore and learn delivered straight to your inbox. You will receive our UK newsletter. Change region. Ancient Egypt Subject: History. Age range: 7-11. Resource type: Lesson (complete) File previews. pptx, 27.71 MB. docx, 127.89 KB. docx, 1.75 MB. Ancient Egypt - Pyramids & Ruins - Lesson 10 - KS2. With the National Curriculum in mind, I have created a high-quality history lesson with a task attached about the Ancient Egyptians. ancient Egypt About 5,000 years ago, the civilization of ancient Egypt began in the Nile River valley of northeastern Africa. 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