gender law research topics

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The mission of the Center for Gender and Sexuality Law is to formulate new approaches to complex issues facing gender and sexual justice movements.

The Center for Gender & Sexuality Law

We asked students to offer advice to justice ketanji brown jackson on a new approach to reproductive rights. here are their answers..

In Spring 2022, as part of Professor Katherine Franke's Gender Justice class exam final, she invited students to offer newly-seated Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson advice on how "to sow the seeds for a new approach to reproductive rights." The prompt continued, "She is strategizing for a long game here – building the foundation for a future Supreme Court finding that recognizes a right to abortion, but based on different reasoning than that used in Roe . She hopes to do this in a range of cases on which advocates and justices can rely and build in the future.” Here are some answers our students gave:

• "A potential avenue to secure a constitutional right of a pregnant person to decide whether or not to terminate a pregnancy would be to turn to the Twenty-Eighth Amendment—the Equal Rights Amendment (“ERA”). Bans of abortion are deeply rooted in stereotypes about the reproductive body, sex assigned at birth, and gender. Abortion bans are based in the stereotype that those with the capacity to reproduce are destined to be women, and those who are women are destined to be mothers. Furthermore, forced pregnancy presents additional traumas and gender dysphoria for the pregnant trans-man, who not only must continue with an unwanted pregnancy, but is also forced into a performance of “womanhood” that they may fundamentally reject."
• "Liberty is a concept that is not only enshrined on the face of the Constitution, but also runs through the Court’s jurisprudence across many different contexts. As applied here, the argument would be as follows: a childbearing person has the right, inherent in our concept of “ordered liberty,” to have complete agency and autonomy in making decisions concerning their ability to associate intimately with others without fear of becoming pregnant, as well as the ability to make substantial decisions regarding their body that make the most sense for their lives and circumstances."
• "Laws restricting access to abortion are based in the impermissible assumption that individuals with the capacity to have children cannot be trusted to make the decision whether or not to bear a child. This paternalistic rationale is heavily based on traditional ideas first associating childbearing with womanhood, and then women with the role of wife and mother who must be protected from the burden of significant decision-making. It is important to note that while abortion restrictions are historically tied to the state’s “protection” of white women, black women were long excluded from that protective umbrella and abortion bans thus also amount to a continuation of centuries of state control of black women’s reproduction."
• "A re-formulation of the right to decide would escape the shameful and patriarchal undertones of the privacy jurisprudence by protecting a pregnant person’s liberty to control their bodies and create the life that they want, free from interference by the state’s patriarchal concerns. The liberty right, explicit in the Fourteenth Amendment, would evade the Court’s recent attack on the right to privacy as lacking constitutional support, and broaden the liberty umbrella to protect gender justice issues beyond abortion."
• "An abortion ban is wrong because it infringes on one’s liberty to participate as full citizens in society, such as in the wage labor market, in educational institutions, or politically. Should a pregnant person be forced to carry their pregnancy to term, it may cause them to quit their job or drop out of school, thus leading to financial instability and other harms. The debate about whether the right to terminate a pregnancy is itself a violation of one’s liberty to participate fully as citizens or whether it is instrumental to one’s ability to participate as a full citizen is explored in Gonzales , particularly in Justice Ginsburg’s dissent (note: this argument focuses on the right to citizenship, while I am framing it as one’s “liberty right to participate as a full citizen”). Ginsburg argues that the right to terminate a pregnancy is instrumental to one’s exercise of full citizenship, as people who can get pregnant must be able to control their bodies so they can participate in the public sphere on an equal plane with those who cannot get pregnant."

And more - we are energized and consoled by the fact that we have such brilliant advocates ready to pick up the next leg in the struggle to define and defend reproductive freedom.

The Center for Gender and Sexuality Law's mission is to formulate new approaches to complex issues facing gender and sexual justice movements.  

Founded by Professor Katherine Franke alongside Professor Suzanne Goldberg, The Center for Gender and Sexuality Law has established Columbia Law School as the preeminent law school for the study of and specialization in the law of gender and sexuality. The Center is the base for many research projects and initiatives focused on issues of gender, sexuality, reproductive rights, bodily autonomy, and gender identity and expression in law, policy, and professional practice.

A core focus of the Center's work is to provide students with opportunities to supplement their curricular learning through lectures, panel discussions, conferences, and guest speaker series on a multitude of contemporary issues regarding Gender and Sexuality Law, including civil rights, bodily autonomy and reproductive justice, the rights of transgender, nonbinary and gender non-conforming persons, the rights and experiences of intersex persons, and gender norms in public space.

The Center for Gender & Sexuality Law is committed, too, to supporting the Columbia Law School alumni community. All of our events are free and open to the public, and we offer several CLE programs each year to Columbia Law School alums and the New York City legal community. Check out our Events and Programs page to learn more about past and upcoming events.

Faculty and Staff

The Center's team is comprised of Faculty Director Katherine Franke, Assistant Director Lilia Hadjiivanova and Racial Justice and Policy Director Candace Bond-Theriault. Learn more about the Center's Faculty and Staff .

Visiting Scholars

The Center also hosts Visiting Scholars at Columbia Law School, as Faculty in Residence, and as part of Columbia Law School's Visiting Scholars program. Learn more about our current visiting scholars and the application process to be a visiting scholar or faculty member in residence, at the Center for Gender & Sexuality Law's Visiting Scholars page.

Events and Programs

The Center for Gender & Sexuality Law supports a wide range of events and programs at Columbia Law School, Columbia University, and in the New York City community. Learn more about our recent and upcoming events and programs on our Events and Programs page .

Resources for Students

The Center for Gender & Sexuality Law is pleased to support student programming at Columbia Law School, and to mentor student leaders and student organizations in developing and hosting their own programs focused on issues of gender, sexuality, reproductive justice, civil rights, and social justice. The Center also offers opportunities for Columbia Law School students to work as Research Assistants with Professor Katherine Franke and the Law, Rights, and Religion Project . 

Scholarship

The sexuality and gender law clinic.

The Center for Gender & Sexuality Law works closely with the Sexuality and Gender Law Clinic , which is part of the Experiential Learning program at Columbia Law School.

Courses and Curriculum

The Center for Gender & Sexuality Law is pleased to host syllabi for several courses on issues of Gender Justice , Social Movement Lawyering , and Racial Justice Advocacy online for the public to access. Learn more about specific courses at Columbia Law School on the Center for Gender & Sexuality Law's Curriculum page .

The Law, Rights, and Religion Project

The Center works closely, too, with the Law, Rights, and Religion Project , a law and policy think tank founded by Professor Katherine Franke in 2014 that promotes social justice, freedom of religion, and religious plurality. The mission of the Law, Rights, and Religion Project  is to ensure that laws and policies reflect the understanding that the right to free exercise of religion protects all religious beliefs and communities, including non-believers; requires respect for religious plurality and equality principles; and must be balanced against other liberty and equality rights where they are in conflict. 

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Project

The ERA Project at Columbia Law School’s Center for Gender and Sexuality Law is a law and policy think tank established in January 2021 to develop academically rigorous research, policy papers, expert guidance, and strategic leadership on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution, and on the role of the ERA in advancing the larger cause of gender-based justice.

The ERA Project does not engage in lobbying, but instead develops academic, legal and policy expertise to support efforts to expand protections for gender-based equality and justice.

Contact Details and Media Inquiries

We welcome you to contact us if you have any questions about our work, events, and programs, or if you are a journalist seeking for insights or comments on contemporary issues regarding gender and sexuality law, reproductive rights, and civil rights issues from our team. 

Mailing List

The Center for Gender & Sexuality Law sends out a newsletter on a weekly basis with information about current research, upcoming events and programs, and opportunities for students and scholars. Keep up to date on the latest information from the Center for Gender & Sexuality Law via our Mailing List .

Social Media

The Center for Gender & Sexuality Law is active on Social Media, engaging Twitter, Facebook, Medium, and our Blog to share information of interest, videos, photos, and highlights from our programs. We also use these platforms to share links to external events and programs of interest to our constituencies. Learn more about the Center's Social Media .

Support the Center for Gender & Sexuality Law

The Center for Gender & Sexuality Law relies on the support of grantors and alumni to fund our continued research, programming, and operations. Learn more about how you can make a gift to the Center for Gender & Sexuality Law in support of our work . 

Recent News

Era project welcomes naomi young, supreme court issues blow to civil rights & religious pluralism, case brief on fifth circuit court of appeals' braidwood decision.

Full case brief here (PDF).

All Areas of Interest

Area of Interest Gender and the Law

From reproductive rights to same-sex marriage to the rights of transgender persons, questions of gender and sexuality are at the heart of some of the hardest questions society faces about the relationship between law, politics, science, medicine, and identity. With many courses and programs, including the LGBTQ+ Advocacy Clinic, Harvard Law students have unparalleled opportunities to study and advance civil rights in this area of law.

From Harvard Law Today

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James A. Attwood and Leslie Williams Professor of Law

Susan H. Farbstein

Clinical Professor of Law

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Eli Goldston Professor of Law

Jon D. Hanson

Alan A. Stone Professor of Law

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Laurence H. Tribe Professor of Constitutional Law

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Professor of Law

Joseph W. Singer

Bussey Professor of Law

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Laurence h. tribe.

Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Emeritus

Scott A. Westfahl

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Visiting Professors & Lecturers

Aziza ahmed.

Visiting Professor of Law

Barbara Berenson

Lecturer on Law

Alexander Chen

Steve churchill, julia devanthery, gemma donofrio.

Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law

Nancy Gertner

Senior Lecturer on Law

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David a. hoffman.

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Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation and the Law Research Guide: Sources of Info on Gender and Sexuality Law

• Sources of Info on Gender and Sexuality Law
• Research Guidance
• Other Legal Guides and Bibliographies

Introduction

There are many primary and secondary sources available to you while researching the topic of gender and sexuality law at UNM School of Law. Below, we've listed a number of resources to help get you started in your research. On the next tab, labeled "Research Guidance," we've listed methods and examples to help you find more targeted information within many of the resources highlighted below.

If you are having trouble locating or using any resources in this guide, please contact the Law Library Reference Desk

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Researching at UNM

Types of Resources on Gender and Sexuality Law

• UNM Databases
• Internet Resources
• Print Resources at UNMSOL
• Law Journals

As a UNMSOL student you are already aware that you have access to Lexis and Westlaw, but there are numerous other databases available either through UNMSOL or through the University Libraries system which are essential for you to conduct more well-rounded research. Below are a few examples.

For more on searching these various databases, continue to the "Research Guidance" tab at the top of this guide. 

Although your status as a UNMSOL student grants you access to a number of high quality databases for your research, there are some sources of information freely available to the public which can also be helpful to you as you conduct research in gender and sexuality law. The below resources are generally well respected and can give you important context and background on the topics and subtopics involved with the intersections of gender, sexuality and the law. 

Books are useful for getting an overview of your topic and learning about the terminology used to describe your topic. While journal articles will have the latest research and developments, they are often focused on a very narrow aspect of a topic. Once you have the "big picture" you can then find journal articles looking at a specific topic.

For more information on search strategies for searching for books in the WorldCat catalog, click the tab, "Research Guidance," in the main menu bar, above. 

The below books are available at the UNM School of Law Library. Please note that this is only a small representation of the books available on these topics. If you would like to browse the catalog or shelves for these items, books on similar subjects are located in close proximity to one another based on call number. In the online catalog, you can click on the link to any of these books and scroll down to "Browse the Shelf" to view similar books. In the stacks at the library, you can look for these books and then look at those next to them on the same shelve(s).

Law journals with specific coverage on sexual orientation and gender identity can be found in HeinOnline's Law Journal Library. Some titles available include:

• Law & Sexuality: A Review of Lesbian and Gay Legal Issues 
• The Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 
• Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy 
• American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law

For information of how to thoroughly search for law review and law journal articles, continue to the "Research Guidance" tab at the top of this guide. 

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• Georgetown Law Library

Gender and the Law Research Guide

• Research Databases and Collections
• Introduction
• Primary Law
• Treatises and Overviews
• Reports and Whitepapers
• Treaties and Declarations
• Organizations - United States
• Organizations - International

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Legal Research Collections

• Cornell Center for Women and Justice The Women & Justice collection provides access to caselaw and legislation from around the world related to promoting gender justice and ending gender-based violence.
• Gender and Legal History in America Papers For over twenty years Professors Richard H. Chused and Wendy Webster Williams taught a seminar in Gender and American Legal History at Georgetown University Law Center. Their students produced a wealth of scholarly work, and the hundreds of papers in this program cover a large array of subjects in the legal history of gender from the founding days through the 1970s.
• Independent Voices Independent Voices is an open access digital collection of alternative press newspapers, magazines and journals, drawn from the special collections of participating libraries. These periodicals were produced by feminists, dissident GIs, campus radicals, Native Americans, anti-war activists, Black Power advocates, Hispanics, LGBT activists, the extreme right-wing press and alternative literary magazines during the latter half of the 20th century.
• Making of Modern Law: ACLU Papers Consisting of case files, correspondence, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, and more, this collection offers a primary source perspective on civil rights issues from voting rights to homosexual rights to the dismantling of the Jim Crow system.
• A Timeline of Women's Legal History in the United States and at Georgetown University Authored by Prof. Cunnea, this resource contains a history of significant events for women in the United States regarding their experience with the law: using it, making it, practicing it as a profession, profiting or suffering from it. It ranges from 1619 to the present.
• Women's Issues and Their Advocacy Within the White House, 1974-1977 This collection documents Patricia Lindh’s and Jeanne Holm’s liaison with women’s groups and their advocacy within the White House on issues of special interest to women.
• Women's Trailblazers Project The Women Trailblazers in the Law Project (WTP) captures the oral histories of women pioneers in the legal profession nationwide, memorializing their stories in their own voices and preserving their experiences and observations for future generations.

Gender and Women's Studies Academic Databases

• Archives of Sexuality & Gender The Archives of Sexuality and Gender provides a robust and significant collection of primary sources for the historical study of sex, sexuality, and gender. Additional material comes from the Lesbian Herstory Archives, the Gay Activists Alliance, the International AIDS/HIV Crisis and more. Newspapers, government reports, and letters are just some of the resources available in this database.
• Gender Studies Database Gender Studies Database (GSD) combines the Women's Studies International and Men's Studies databases with the coverage of sexual diversity issues. GSD covers the full spectrum of gender-engaged scholarship inside and outside academia.
• GenderWatch A collection assembled by ProQuest consists of various types of research and primary source materials and covers 1970 to the present.
• LGBTQ+Source The database includes comprehensive indexing and abstract coverage as well as a specialized LGBT Thesaurus containing over 6,300 terms." "Provides indexing and abstracts for more than 400 magazines, journals books and news sources, and also provides coverage for gray literature such as case studies and important speeches. Additionally, GLBT Life with Full Text includes full text for 50 of the most important and historically significant GLBT journals, magazines and regional newspapers, as well as dozens of full text monographs."--EBSCO Web site.
• Women and Social Movements, International, 1840 - Present A collection of primary source documents, such as letters, diaries, and conference proceedings.
• Women and Social Movements in Modern Empires Since 1820 A curated archive of documents focused on the experience of women in colonial empires.
• Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600 - 2000 An on-line archive of multiple types of primary source materials, such as reports, pamphlets, and manuscripts.
• Women's Studies Achives The Women's Studies Archive connects archival collections concerning women's history from across the globe and from a wide range of sources. Focusing on the evolution of feminism throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the archive provides materials on women's political activism, such as suffrage, birth control, pacifism, civil rights, and socialism, and on women's voices, from female-authored literature to women's periodicals.

Academic Databases

General and Interdisciplinary Databases

• Academic Search Premier Academic Search Premier has a large interdisciplinary collection of many types of materials, including academic journals, newspapers, reports, and book chapters, to name a few.
• JSTOR This full-text database covers multiple subject areas including political science and women's studies.
• PAIS Index Covers issues in the public debate through a wide variety of international sources including journal articles, books, government documents, statistical directories, grey literature, research reports, conference papers, web content, and more.
• ProQuest Research Library A large interdisciplinary collection of various types of resources.
• Social Sciences Full Text A comprehensive database tht covers the social sciences, including public policy.
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Online Resources

Research guides, gender and the law.

• Electronic Resources
• Periodicals
• Primary Law
• Additional Research Guides
• Current Awareness

While this research guide was primarily created to help BYU Law students who are doing academic research about gender and the law to write a paper for various upper-division law school classes,  this research guide can be used by anyone who has research questions that relate to gender and the law. Various research topics that this research guide can help with include: gender, feminism, social policy, feminist legal thought, feminist jurisprudence, rape, domestic violence, employment discrimination , and historical and sociological gender treatment.

For further research assistance after consulting this research guide, make an appointment with the reference librarian who created this research guide: Annalee Hickman ([email protected]).

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• Last Updated: Jun 6, 2024 6:06 PM
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Gender and Law: An Interdisciplinary Research Guide: Home

• Books from the FSU Online Catalog
• Databases & Journals
• Anthropology
• Sexuality and the Law
• Regulations
• Current Awareness

Select Books

Specialty Topics

Subject Guide

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• Last Updated: Jun 4, 2024 12:50 PM
• URL: https://guides.law.fsu.edu/Gender_and_Law

Gender, Law, and Public Policy

Future offerings, 2024-2025 spring, useful links.

• Course Evaluations
• Approved Non-Law Courses

Gender, Law, and Public Policy (7013): Topics in this course will include equal protection standards, employment, education, family, reproductive rights, sexual harassment, rape, domestic violence, pornography, sexual orientation, diversity in the profession, and intersections with race, ethnicity, class, and sexual orientation. Materials will include cases, commentary, problems, and media portrayals. Special Instructions: Course requirements will include class participation, several short reflection papers on the assigned readings, and a longer final essay. There will be no final examination. With permission of the instructor, a student may write a long paper for R credit instead of the shorter papers. After the term begins, students enrolled in the course can transfer from section (01) into section (02), which meets the R requirement, with consent of the instructor. Open to students from other schools with the consent of the instructor. To apply for this course, non-Law students must complete a Non-Law Student Course Add Request Form available on the SLS Registrar's Office website. Elements used in grading: Class participation, attendance, reflection papers, and final paper.

Gender, Law, and Public Policy | LAW 7013 Section 01 Class #1128

• Joanna Grossman
• Grading: Law Honors/Pass/Restrd Cr/Fail
• LO1 - Substantive and Procedural Law
• LO2 - Legal Analysis and Reasoning
• LO4 - Ability to Communicate Effectively in Writing
• 2024-2025 Spring ( Mar 31 May 30 )
• Tue, Thu 2:15 PM 3:45 PM

Gender, Law, and Public Policy | LAW 7013 Section 02 Class #1129

• Enrollment Limitations: Consent
• R -Research Requirement for Law Degree
• LO3 - Ability to Conduct Legal Research

Past Offerings

2023-2024 winter, gender, law, and public policy | law 7013 section 01 class #1100.

• 2023-2024 Winter Schedule No Longer Available
• 1L: Winter Elective (Open to First-Year JD Students)

Gender, Law, and Public Policy | LAW 7013 Section 02 Class #1101

2022-2023 winter, gender, law, and public policy | law 7013 section 01 class #1139.

• 2022-2023 Winter Schedule No Longer Available

Gender, Law, and Public Policy | LAW 7013 Section 02 Class #1140

LGBTQIA Legal Research Guide: Sexuality, Gender & the Law

• Primary Resources
• Other Resources
• Current Awareness
• Transgender Law
• International
• Family Law Resources
• Sexuality, Gender & the Law

Print Materials

Gender Equality at Work

Sex Workers

• Prostitution Introduces this area of law. It contains hyperlinks to may relevant resources.
• Sex Workers Outreach Project (SWOP-USA) A basis resource guide in this area of law.
• The Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP) This site contains global legal resource sin this are of law more... less... The Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP) exists to uphold the voice of sex workers globally and connect regional networks advocating for the rights of female, male, and transgender sex workers.

Gender Roles

Primary & Secondary Resources

• New York State
• Sex-Based Discrimination This is an EEOC page that focuses on: Laws; Regulations; Guidance; & Prohibited Practices...in this area.
• Gender Discrimination: Applicable Laws This is Findlaws compilation of applicable civil rights elated laws at the federal level.
• New York State Human Rights Law This is a State University of NY comprehensive listing of applicable NYS laws in this area.
• Gender Identity/Gender Expression: Legal Enforcement Guidance New York City Commission on Human Rights Legal Enforcement Guidance on Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Expression: Local Law No. 3 (2002); N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-102(23)
• UN - Gender Equality Includes a link to CEDAW...
• Infographic on Human Rights of Women
• ​​​​​Women’s Human Rights and Gender Equality The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN Human Rights) is the leading UN entity on human rights. This site focuses on women's rights in the international arena.
• Gender, Sexuality, and the Law Seminar Guide This LibGuide by Texas Tech University School of Law and is designed for use by students in a Gender, Sexuality, and the Law.
• Gender & Law Lists several related journals....
• United Nations Research Guide: Gender Guide to information created by the UN and the UN Family of Organizations.
• Gender equality this is an ILO guide focusing on women in the workplace.
• Women at Work: Organizations & Agencies This is a Cornell University Library guide
• The #MeToo Movement and the Law Includes hyperlinks and sections on: Criminal and Civil Courts Media and Social Media Outlets Due Process Issues
• Gender Discrimination Includes a quick overview of this area of law and delineates the following issues with relevant hyperlinks: Sexual Harassment Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Equal Pay Act of 1963 What to Expect: An EEOC Cause of Action Chronology
• Sexual Orientation Discrimination Includes an overview view of this area of law and add hyperlinks to the following articles: EEOC's Charge Processing Procedures Fighting Sexual Orientation Discrimination on the Job Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Workplace
• Pregnancy Discrimination includes an overview of this area of law and adds the following hyperlinked articles: Facts about Pregnancy Discrimination Pregnancy Discrimination Act Pregnancy Discrimination in the Workplace
• Social Science Research Network (SSRN) This link opens in a new window Using the applicable search terms would bring you to articles that can be search within.
• Advanced Google Searching Options to search by file type, site or domain, language.

• Sex-Based Employment Discrimination Topics covered includes: Equal Pay Act;. Title VII; Pregnancy and Sexual Harassment...

• Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in the Workplace A comprehensive book with chapters on: Statutes Affecting Sex Based Discrimination; Sexual Harassment and the Law; The Glass Ceiling Problem; & Pregnancy; Childbirth; Childbearing and Parental Leave among others.

Internet Resources & Current Awareness

• UN Women & Gender
• Sexuality,Gender, and the Law: National and International A URL listing of many resource on this subject.
• Women's Rights Law This site includes: Articles on HG.org Related to Women's Rights Law Women's Rights Law - US Women's Rights Law - International Organizations Related to Women's Rights Law Publications Related to Women's Rights Law
• Gender and Sexuality Studies This is a Voice of the Shuttle list of resources on the following topics: Women's Studies & Feminist Theory • Queer Studies • Men's Movements & Men's/Masculinity Studies • Cybergender & Techgender • Sexual Harassment, Assault, and Abuse
• The Carr Center - Equality & Discrimination This website includes publications on sexuality & gender and violence against women and girls.
• Gender & Sexuality Law Online Gender & Sexuality Law Online is a webjournal published by the Columbia Law School Center for Gender & Sexuality Law. more... less... Subjects include: Gender Identity Discrimination ( Marriage Equality Reproductive Rights Sex Discrimination Sex Work Sexual Harassment Sexual Orientation Discrimination
• Most Popular Civil Rights Blawgs This is a listing created by Justia. It ican be sorted by Popularity, Name , Last Post Date, Today, This Week, This Month, All Time.
• Most Popular Employment Law Blawgs This is a listing created by Justia. It ican be sorted by Popularity, Name , Last Post Date, Today, This Week, This Month, All Time.
• Gender & Sexuality Law Blog This is a Columbia Law School blog by the Center for Gender & Sexuality Law.
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• Research clusters

Feminism, Law and Gender (FLAG)

This cluster provides an intellectual and collaborative space for academics, visiting researchers and PhD students interested in gender-focused and feminist analysis of the law. 

FLAG’s research and research activities currently centres around the four themes:

• Gender and technology
• Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) (online and offline)
• Gender and criminal law
• Gender and the justice professions.

FLAG has had considerable success in engaging in knowledge exchange activities including in devolved nations, UK, and internationally. The work of FLAG members has been cited by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government, politicians, the House of Lords, Women & Equalities Committee, the Law Commission and used to influence knowledge and working practices of national and international civil society organisations.

Members of the cluster are pursuing a range of projects, collaborative research, and public engagement activities in the areas of their expertise. 

The cluster is led by Dr Olga Jurasz. If you are interested in joining the FLAG cluster, please contact us . 

• Follow @OU_FLAG on Twitter

Content warning

Due to the nature of some of the issues within this research area, these pages may contain content that may be triggering or distressing. Please proceed with caution if any of the topics outlined above could be upsetting for you. 

Cluster members

• Dr Kim Barker
• Dr Olga Jurasz
• Dr Caroline Derry
• Keren Lloyd Bright
• Leona Samuda
• Louise Taylor
• Dr  Roise Connelly
• Dr Holly Taylor-Dunn
• Dr Sarah Bryan O'Sullivan
• Dr Olga Jurasz gave an invited keynote address titled ‘Violence, law and the marking of women’s bodies’ at the Annual Gender Law Conference at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland (9-10 February 2023). The conference was organised by the FRI Swiss Institute for Feminist Legal Studies and Gender Law with a theme of In-Corpore: What does law do to our bodies. 
• Dr Kim Barker & Dr Olga Jurasz’s chapter exploring Women, Violence and Protest in Times of COVID-19 has been published in the open access volume, Law, Humanities, and the Covid Crisis (ed by Carl Stychin). Available here: https://www.sas.ac.uk/publications/law-humanities-and-covid-crisis .
• Dr Kim Barker’s piece exploring Why we must carry on the work of women who changed modern Scotland has been published in The Herald  https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/arts_ents/23333063.must-carry-... . It is the accompanying piece to the BBC series Women Who Changed Modern Scotland ( https://connect.open.ac.uk/society-psychology-and-criminology/the-women-... ) 
• Dr Olga Jurasz has been elected to serve on two techUK’s Working Groups: Violence Against Women and Girls Digital & Tech Working Group (which focuses on prevention of violence against women and girls) and rape and serious sexual offences (RASSO) tech working group. This was formed in partnership with the National Police Chiefs’ Council, Police Digital Service, College of Policing, Home Office and local policing partners, to tackle the barriers and challenges in policing’s response to RASSO.
• Dr Kim Barker was an invited speaker at the Internet Policy & Politics Conference in Oxford on Saturday 21 January. Her paper was ‘Online Violence Against Women: The Internet’s Sexism Problem as a Contemporary Internet Policy Challenge?'.
• Dr Caroline Derry gave an invited talk on ‘Lesbianism and the criminal law: the strange case of Louise Mourey’, to the Law and History Network on Monday 12 December. A few weeks earlier, she presented a paper on ‘The Wolfenden Report, homosexuality and women’ at ‘The Neglected Decade: law in the 1950s’ at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies.
• Dr Olga Jurasz contributed to the OU listening summit on misogyny, organised by the Women@OU network, the EDI Team and MK Citizens, on Wednesday 11 January. Drawing on her research, Olga spoke about the challenges of making misogyny a hate crime. 
• FLAG members (Caroline Derry, Olga Jurasz, Louise Taylor) submitted expert evidence to the Scottish Government Consulations on ‘not-proven’ verdict in Scotland (March 2022) and on victims’ rights (August 2022).

Recent publications 

• Kim Barker & Olga Jurasz, ‘Text-based (Sexual) Abuse and Online Violence Against Women: Toward Law Reform?’ in: J Bailey, A Flynn, N Henry (eds) The Emerald Handbook of Technology-facilitated Violence and Abuse ( Emerald, 2021 ).
• Kim Barker & Olga Jurasz, ‘Sexual Violence in the Digital Age: A Criminal Law Conundrum?’ (2021) 22(5) German Law Journal 784-799 .
• Kim Barker & Olga Jurasz, ‘Online misogyny as a hate crime: #TimesUp’ in I Zempi and J Smith (eds) Misogyny as Hate Crime ( Routledge 2021 ).
• Kim Barker & Olga Jurasz, ' Online violence against women as an obstacle to gender equality: a critical view from Europe ' European Equality Law Review 2020(1) 47-60.
• Caroline Derry (2020) Lesbianism and the Criminal Law: Three Centuries of Regulation in England and Wales. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
• Olga Jurasz & Natalia Szablewska, ‘Towards transformative gender equality: the importance of addressing economic violence against women in Cambodia’ in: M J Gámez Fuentes, S Núnez Puente, E Gómez Nicolau (eds) Re-writing women as victims: from theory to practice (Routledge 2020)
• Louise Taylor and Lucy Justice, ‘Autobiographical Memory Misconceptions and the Police Investigative Response to Rape Complaints’ (2019) 10 Criminal Law Review 827-840.
• Lloyd Bright, Keren (2020). ‘Gender identity and prisons in England and Wales. The development of rights and rules; checks and balances’.  In: Claydon, Lisa and Derry, Caroline eds. Law, Justice and the Open University 1969-2019. Routledge, (In Press).

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Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a new semantic indicator

Paola belingheri.

1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle Costruzioni, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino, Pisa, Italy

Filippo Chiarello

Andrea fronzetti colladon.

2 Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

3 Department of Management, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland

Paola Rovelli

4 Faculty of Economics and Management, Centre for Family Business Management, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy

Associated Data

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its supporting information files. The only exception is the text of the abstracts (over 15,000) that we have downloaded from Scopus. These abstracts can be retrieved from Scopus, but we do not have permission to redistribute them.

Gender equality is a major problem that places women at a disadvantage thereby stymieing economic growth and societal advancement. In the last two decades, extensive research has been conducted on gender related issues, studying both their antecedents and consequences. However, existing literature reviews fail to provide a comprehensive and clear picture of what has been studied so far, which could guide scholars in their future research. Our paper offers a scoping review of a large portion of the research that has been published over the last 22 years, on gender equality and related issues, with a specific focus on business and economics studies. Combining innovative methods drawn from both network analysis and text mining, we provide a synthesis of 15,465 scientific articles. We identify 27 main research topics, we measure their relevance from a semantic point of view and the relationships among them, highlighting the importance of each topic in the overall gender discourse. We find that prominent research topics mostly relate to women in the workforce–e.g., concerning compensation, role, education, decision-making and career progression. However, some of them are losing momentum, and some other research trends–for example related to female entrepreneurship, leadership and participation in the board of directors–are on the rise. Besides introducing a novel methodology to review broad literature streams, our paper offers a map of the main gender-research trends and presents the most popular and the emerging themes, as well as their intersections, outlining important avenues for future research.

Introduction

The persistent gender inequalities that currently exist across the developed and developing world are receiving increasing attention from economists, policymakers, and the general public [e.g., 1 – 3 ]. Economic studies have indicated that women’s education and entry into the workforce contributes to social and economic well-being [e.g., 4 , 5 ], while their exclusion from the labor market and from managerial positions has an impact on overall labor productivity and income per capita [ 6 , 7 ]. The United Nations selected gender equality, with an emphasis on female education, as part of the Millennium Development Goals [ 8 ], and gender equality at-large as one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030 [ 9 ]. These latter objectives involve not only developing nations, but rather all countries, to achieve economic, social and environmental well-being.

As is the case with many SDGs, gender equality is still far from being achieved and persists across education, access to opportunities, or presence in decision-making positions [ 7 , 10 , 11 ]. As we enter the last decade for the SDGs’ implementation, and while we are battling a global health pandemic, effective and efficient action becomes paramount to reach this ambitious goal.

Scholars have dedicated a massive effort towards understanding gender equality, its determinants, its consequences for women and society, and the appropriate actions and policies to advance women’s equality. Many topics have been covered, ranging from women’s education and human capital [ 12 , 13 ] and their role in society [e.g., 14 , 15 ], to their appointment in firms’ top ranked positions [e.g., 16 , 17 ] and performance implications [e.g., 18 , 19 ]. Despite some attempts, extant literature reviews provide a narrow view on these issues, restricted to specific topics–e.g., female students’ presence in STEM fields [ 20 ], educational gender inequality [ 5 ], the gender pay gap [ 21 ], the glass ceiling effect [ 22 ], leadership [ 23 ], entrepreneurship [ 24 ], women’s presence on the board of directors [ 25 , 26 ], diversity management [ 27 ], gender stereotypes in advertisement [ 28 ], or specific professions [ 29 ]. A comprehensive view on gender-related research, taking stock of key findings and under-studied topics is thus lacking.

Extant literature has also highlighted that gender issues, and their economic and social ramifications, are complex topics that involve a large number of possible antecedents and outcomes [ 7 ]. Indeed, gender equality actions are most effective when implemented in unison with other SDGs (e.g., with SDG 8, see [ 30 ]) in a synergetic perspective [ 10 ]. Many bodies of literature (e.g., business, economics, development studies, sociology and psychology) approach the problem of achieving gender equality from different perspectives–often addressing specific and narrow aspects. This sometimes leads to a lack of clarity about how different issues, circumstances, and solutions may be related in precipitating or mitigating gender inequality or its effects. As the number of papers grows at an increasing pace, this issue is exacerbated and there is a need to step back and survey the body of gender equality literature as a whole. There is also a need to examine synergies between different topics and approaches, as well as gaps in our understanding of how different problems and solutions work together. Considering the important topic of women’s economic and social empowerment, this paper aims to fill this gap by answering the following research question: what are the most relevant findings in the literature on gender equality and how do they relate to each other ?

To do so, we conduct a scoping review [ 31 ], providing a synthesis of 15,465 articles dealing with gender equity related issues published in the last twenty-two years, covering both the periods of the MDGs and the SDGs (i.e., 2000 to mid 2021) in all the journals indexed in the Academic Journal Guide’s 2018 ranking of business and economics journals. Given the huge amount of research conducted on the topic, we adopt an innovative methodology, which relies on social network analysis and text mining. These techniques are increasingly adopted when surveying large bodies of text. Recently, they were applied to perform analysis of online gender communication differences [ 32 ] and gender behaviors in online technology communities [ 33 ], to identify and classify sexual harassment instances in academia [ 34 ], and to evaluate the gender inclusivity of disaster management policies [ 35 ].

Applied to the title, abstracts and keywords of the articles in our sample, this methodology allows us to identify a set of 27 recurrent topics within which we automatically classify the papers. Introducing additional novelty, by means of the Semantic Brand Score (SBS) indicator [ 36 ] and the SBS BI app [ 37 ], we assess the importance of each topic in the overall gender equality discourse and its relationships with the other topics, as well as trends over time, with a more accurate description than that offered by traditional literature reviews relying solely on the number of papers presented in each topic.

This methodology, applied to gender equality research spanning the past twenty-two years, enables two key contributions. First, we extract the main message that each document is conveying and how this is connected to other themes in literature, providing a rich picture of the topics that are at the center of the discourse, as well as of the emerging topics. Second, by examining the semantic relationship between topics and how tightly their discourses are linked, we can identify the key relationships and connections between different topics. This semi-automatic methodology is also highly reproducible with minimum effort.

This literature review is organized as follows. In the next section, we present how we selected relevant papers and how we analyzed them through text mining and social network analysis. We then illustrate the importance of 27 selected research topics, measured by means of the SBS indicator. In the results section, we present an overview of the literature based on the SBS results–followed by an in-depth narrative analysis of the top 10 topics (i.e., those with the highest SBS) and their connections. Subsequently, we highlight a series of under-studied connections between the topics where there is potential for future research. Through this analysis, we build a map of the main gender-research trends in the last twenty-two years–presenting the most popular themes. We conclude by highlighting key areas on which research should focused in the future.

Our aim is to map a broad topic, gender equality research, that has been approached through a host of different angles and through different disciplines. Scoping reviews are the most appropriate as they provide the freedom to map different themes and identify literature gaps, thereby guiding the recommendation of new research agendas [ 38 ].

Several practical approaches have been proposed to identify and assess the underlying topics of a specific field using big data [ 39 – 41 ], but many of them fail without proper paper retrieval and text preprocessing. This is specifically true for a research field such as the gender-related one, which comprises the work of scholars from different backgrounds. In this section, we illustrate a novel approach for the analysis of scientific (gender-related) papers that relies on methods and tools of social network analysis and text mining. Our procedure has four main steps: (1) data collection, (2) text preprocessing, (3) keywords extraction and classification, and (4) evaluation of semantic importance and image.

Data collection

In this study, we analyze 22 years of literature on gender-related research. Following established practice for scoping reviews [ 42 ], our data collection consisted of two main steps, which we summarize here below.

Firstly, we retrieved from the Scopus database all the articles written in English that contained the term “gender” in their title, abstract or keywords and were published in a journal listed in the Academic Journal Guide 2018 ranking of the Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS) ( https://charteredabs.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AJG2018-Methodology.pdf ), considering the time period from Jan 2000 to May 2021. We used this information considering that abstracts, titles and keywords represent the most informative part of a paper, while using the full-text would increase the signal-to-noise ratio for information extraction. Indeed, these textual elements already demonstrated to be reliable sources of information for the task of domain lexicon extraction [ 43 , 44 ]. We chose Scopus as source of literature because of its popularity, its update rate, and because it offers an API to ease the querying process. Indeed, while it does not allow to retrieve the full text of scientific articles, the Scopus API offers access to titles, abstracts, citation information and metadata for all its indexed scholarly journals. Moreover, we decided to focus on the journals listed in the AJG 2018 ranking because we were interested in reviewing business and economics related gender studies only. The AJG is indeed widely used by universities and business schools as a reference point for journal and research rigor and quality. This first step, executed in June 2021, returned more than 55,000 papers.

In the second step–because a look at the papers showed very sparse results, many of which were not in line with the topic of this literature review (e.g., papers dealing with health care or medical issues, where the word gender indicates the gender of the patients)–we applied further inclusion criteria to make the sample more focused on the topic of this literature review (i.e., women’s gender equality issues). Specifically, we only retained those papers mentioning, in their title and/or abstract, both gender-related keywords (e.g., daughter, female, mother) and keywords referring to bias and equality issues (e.g., equality, bias, diversity, inclusion). After text pre-processing (see next section), keywords were first identified from a frequency-weighted list of words found in the titles, abstracts and keywords in the initial list of papers, extracted through text mining (following the same approach as [ 43 ]). They were selected by two of the co-authors independently, following respectively a bottom up and a top-down approach. The bottom-up approach consisted of examining the words found in the frequency-weighted list and classifying those related to gender and equality. The top-down approach consisted in searching in the word list for notable gender and equality-related words. Table 1 reports the sets of keywords we considered, together with some examples of words that were used to search for their presence in the dataset (a full list is provided in the S1 Text ). At end of this second step, we obtained a final sample of 15,465 relevant papers.

Text processing and keyword extraction

Text preprocessing aims at structuring text into a form that can be analyzed by statistical models. In the present section, we describe the preprocessing steps we applied to paper titles and abstracts, which, as explained below, partially follow a standard text preprocessing pipeline [ 45 ]. These activities have been performed using the R package udpipe [ 46 ].

The first step is n-gram extraction (i.e., a sequence of words from a given text sample) to identify which n-grams are important in the analysis, since domain-specific lexicons are often composed by bi-grams and tri-grams [ 47 ]. Multi-word extraction is usually implemented with statistics and linguistic rules, thus using the statistical properties of n-grams or machine learning approaches [ 48 ]. However, for the present paper, we used Scopus metadata in order to have a more effective and efficient n-grams collection approach [ 49 ]. We used the keywords of each paper in order to tag n-grams with their associated keywords automatically. Using this greedy approach, it was possible to collect all the keywords listed by the authors of the papers. From this list, we extracted only keywords composed by two, three and four words, we removed all the acronyms and rare keywords (i.e., appearing in less than 1% of papers), and we clustered keywords showing a high orthographic similarity–measured using a Levenshtein distance [ 50 ] lower than 2, considering these groups of keywords as representing same concepts, but expressed with different spelling. After tagging the n-grams in the abstracts, we followed a common data preparation pipeline that consists of the following steps: (i) tokenization, that splits the text into tokens (i.e., single words and previously tagged multi-words); (ii) removal of stop-words (i.e. those words that add little meaning to the text, usually being very common and short functional words–such as “and”, “or”, or “of”); (iii) parts-of-speech tagging, that is providing information concerning the morphological role of a word and its morphosyntactic context (e.g., if the token is a determiner, the next token is a noun or an adjective with very high confidence, [ 51 ]); and (iv) lemmatization, which consists in substituting each word with its dictionary form (or lemma). The output of the latter step allows grouping together the inflected forms of a word. For example, the verbs “am”, “are”, and “is” have the shared lemma “be”, or the nouns “cat” and “cats” both share the lemma “cat”. We preferred lemmatization over stemming [ 52 ] in order to obtain more interpretable results.

In addition, we identified a further set of keywords (with respect to those listed in the “keywords” field) by applying a series of automatic words unification and removal steps, as suggested in past research [ 53 , 54 ]. We removed: sparse terms (i.e., occurring in less than 0.1% of all documents), common terms (i.e., occurring in more than 10% of all documents) and retained only nouns and adjectives. It is relevant to notice that no document was lost due to these steps. We then used the TF-IDF function [ 55 ] to produce a new list of keywords. We additionally tested other approaches for the identification and clustering of keywords–such as TextRank [ 56 ] or Latent Dirichlet Allocation [ 57 ]–without obtaining more informative results.

Classification of research topics

To guide the literature analysis, two experts met regularly to examine the sample of collected papers and to identify the main topics and trends in gender research. Initially, they conducted brainstorming sessions on the topics they expected to find, due to their knowledge of the literature. This led to an initial list of topics. Subsequently, the experts worked independently, also supported by the keywords in paper titles and abstracts extracted with the procedure described above.

Considering all this information, each expert identified and clustered relevant keywords into topics. At the end of the process, the two assignments were compared and exhibited a 92% agreement. Another meeting was held to discuss discordant cases and reach a consensus. This resulted in a list of 27 topics, briefly introduced in Table 2 and subsequently detailed in the following sections.

Evaluation of semantic importance

Working on the lemmatized corpus of the 15,465 papers included in our sample, we proceeded with the evaluation of semantic importance trends for each topic and with the analysis of their connections and prevalent textual associations. To this aim, we used the Semantic Brand Score indicator [ 36 ], calculated through the SBS BI webapp [ 37 ] that also produced a brand image report for each topic. For this study we relied on the computing resources of the ENEA/CRESCO infrastructure [ 58 ].

The Semantic Brand Score (SBS) is a measure of semantic importance that combines methods of social network analysis and text mining. It is usually applied for the analysis of (big) textual data to evaluate the importance of one or more brands, names, words, or sets of keywords [ 36 ]. Indeed, the concept of “brand” is intended in a flexible way and goes beyond products or commercial brands. In this study, we evaluate the SBS time-trends of the keywords defining the research topics discussed in the previous section. Semantic importance comprises the three dimensions of topic prevalence, diversity and connectivity. Prevalence measures how frequently a research topic is used in the discourse. The more a topic is mentioned by scientific articles, the more the research community will be aware of it, with possible increase of future studies; this construct is partly related to that of brand awareness [ 59 ]. This effect is even stronger, considering that we are analyzing the title, abstract and keywords of the papers, i.e. the parts that have the highest visibility. A very important characteristic of the SBS is that it considers the relationships among words in a text. Topic importance is not just a matter of how frequently a topic is mentioned, but also of the associations a topic has in the text. Specifically, texts are transformed into networks of co-occurring words, and relationships are studied through social network analysis [ 60 ]. This step is necessary to calculate the other two dimensions of our semantic importance indicator. Accordingly, a social network of words is generated for each time period considered in the analysis–i.e., a graph made of n nodes (words) and E edges weighted by co-occurrence frequency, with W being the set of edge weights. The keywords representing each topic were clustered into single nodes.

The construct of diversity relates to that of brand image [ 59 ], in the sense that it considers the richness and distinctiveness of textual (topic) associations. Considering the above-mentioned networks, we calculated diversity using the distinctiveness centrality metric–as in the formula presented by Fronzetti Colladon and Naldi [ 61 ].

Lastly, connectivity was measured as the weighted betweenness centrality [ 62 , 63 ] of each research topic node. We used the formula presented by Wasserman and Faust [ 60 ]. The dimension of connectivity represents the “brokerage power” of each research topic–i.e., how much it can serve as a bridge to connect other terms (and ultimately topics) in the discourse [ 36 ].

The SBS is the final composite indicator obtained by summing the standardized scores of prevalence, diversity and connectivity. Standardization was carried out considering all the words in the corpus, for each specific timeframe.

This methodology, applied to a large and heterogeneous body of text, enables to automatically identify two important sets of information that add value to the literature review. Firstly, the relevance of each topic in literature is measured through a composite indicator of semantic importance, rather than simply looking at word frequencies. This provides a much richer picture of the topics that are at the center of the discourse, as well as of the topics that are emerging in the literature. Secondly, it enables to examine the extent of the semantic relationship between topics, looking at how tightly their discourses are linked. In a field such as gender equality, where many topics are closely linked to each other and present overlaps in issues and solutions, this methodology offers a novel perspective with respect to traditional literature reviews. In addition, it ensures reproducibility over time and the possibility to semi-automatically update the analysis, as new papers become available.

Overview of main topics

In terms of descriptive textual statistics, our corpus is made of 15,465 text documents, consisting of a total of 2,685,893 lemmatized tokens (words) and 32,279 types. As a result, the type-token ratio is 1.2%. The number of hapaxes is 12,141, with a hapax-token ratio of 37.61%.

Fig 1 shows the list of 27 topics by decreasing SBS. The most researched topic is compensation , exceeding all others in prevalence, diversity, and connectivity. This means it is not only mentioned more often than other topics, but it is also connected to a greater number of other topics and is central to the discourse on gender equality. The next four topics are, in order of SBS, role , education , decision-making , and career progression . These topics, except for education , all concern women in the workforce. Between these first five topics and the following ones there is a clear drop in SBS scores. In particular, the topics that follow have a lower connectivity than the first five. They are hiring , performance , behavior , organization , and human capital . Again, except for behavior and human capital , the other three topics are purely related to women in the workforce. After another drop-off, the following topics deal prevalently with women in society. This trend highlights that research on gender in business journals has so far mainly paid attention to the conditions that women experience in business contexts, while also devoting some attention to women in society.

Fig 2 shows the SBS time series of the top 10 topics. While there has been a general increase in the number of Scopus-indexed publications in the last decade, we notice that some SBS trends remain steady, or even decrease. In particular, we observe that the main topic of the last twenty-two years, compensation , is losing momentum. Since 2016, it has been surpassed by decision-making , education and role , which may indicate that literature is increasingly attempting to identify root causes of compensation inequalities. Moreover, in the last two years, the topics of hiring , performance , and organization are experiencing the largest importance increase.

Fig 3 shows the SBS time trends of the remaining 17 topics (i.e., those not in the top 10). As we can see from the graph, there are some that maintain a steady trend–such as reputation , management , networks and governance , which also seem to have little importance. More relevant topics with average stationary trends (except for the last two years) are culture , family , and parenting . The feminine topic is among the most important here, and one of those that exhibit the larger variations over time (similarly to leadership ). On the other hand, the are some topics that, even if not among the most important, show increasing SBS trends; therefore, they could be considered as emerging topics and could become popular in the near future. These are entrepreneurship , leadership , board of directors , and sustainability . These emerging topics are also interesting to anticipate future trends in gender equality research that are conducive to overall equality in society.

In addition to the SBS score of the different topics, the network of terms they are associated to enables to gauge the extent to which their images (textual associations) overlap or differ ( Fig 4 ).

There is a central cluster of topics with high similarity, which are all connected with women in the workforce. The cluster includes topics such as organization , decision-making , performance , hiring , human capital , education and compensation . In addition, the topic of well-being is found within this cluster, suggesting that women’s equality in the workforce is associated to well-being considerations. The emerging topics of entrepreneurship and leadership are also closely connected with each other, possibly implying that leadership is a much-researched quality in female entrepreneurship. Topics that are relatively more distant include personality , politics , feminine , empowerment , management , board of directors , reputation , governance , parenting , masculine and network .

The following sections describe the top 10 topics and their main associations in literature (see Table 3 ), while providing a brief overview of the emerging topics.

Compensation

The topic of compensation is related to the topics of role , hiring , education and career progression , however, also sees a very high association with the words gap and inequality . Indeed, a well-known debate in degrowth economics centers around whether and how to adequately compensate women for their childbearing, childrearing, caregiver and household work [e.g., 30 ].

Even in paid work, women continue being offered lower compensations than their male counterparts who have the same job or cover the same role [ 64 – 67 ]. This severe inequality has been widely studied by scholars over the last twenty-two years. Dealing with this topic, some specific roles have been addressed. Specifically, research highlighted differences in compensation between female and male CEOs [e.g., 68 ], top executives [e.g., 69 ], and boards’ directors [e.g., 70 ]. Scholars investigated the determinants of these gaps, such as the gender composition of the board [e.g., 71 – 73 ] or women’s individual characteristics [e.g., 71 , 74 ].

Among these individual characteristics, education plays a relevant role [ 75 ]. Education is indeed presented as the solution for women, not only to achieve top executive roles, but also to reduce wage inequality [e.g., 76 , 77 ]. Past research has highlighted education influences on gender wage gaps, specifically referring to gender differences in skills [e.g., 78 ], college majors [e.g., 79 ], and college selectivity [e.g., 80 ].

Finally, the wage gap issue is strictly interrelated with hiring –e.g., looking at whether being a mother affects hiring and compensation [e.g., 65 , 81 ] or relating compensation to unemployment [e.g., 82 ]–and career progression –for instance looking at meritocracy [ 83 , 84 ] or the characteristics of the boss for whom women work [e.g., 85 ].

The roles covered by women have been deeply investigated. Scholars have focused on the role of women in their families and the society as a whole [e.g., 14 , 15 ], and, more widely, in business contexts [e.g., 18 , 81 ]. Indeed, despite still lagging behind their male counterparts [e.g., 86 , 87 ], in the last decade there has been an increase in top ranked positions achieved by women [e.g., 88 , 89 ]. Following this phenomenon, scholars have posed greater attention towards the presence of women in the board of directors [e.g., 16 , 18 , 90 , 91 ], given the increasing pressure to appoint female directors that firms, especially listed ones, have experienced. Other scholars have focused on the presence of women covering the role of CEO [e.g., 17 , 92 ] or being part of the top management team [e.g., 93 ]. Irrespectively of the level of analysis, all these studies tried to uncover the antecedents of women’s presence among top managers [e.g., 92 , 94 ] and the consequences of having a them involved in the firm’s decision-making –e.g., on performance [e.g., 19 , 95 , 96 ], risk [e.g., 97 , 98 ], and corporate social responsibility [e.g., 99 , 100 ].

Besides studying the difficulties and discriminations faced by women in getting a job [ 81 , 101 ], and, more specifically in the hiring , appointment, or career progression to these apical roles [e.g., 70 , 83 ], the majority of research of women’s roles dealt with compensation issues. Specifically, scholars highlight the pay-gap that still exists between women and men, both in general [e.g., 64 , 65 ], as well as referring to boards’ directors [e.g., 70 , 102 ], CEOs and executives [e.g., 69 , 103 , 104 ].

Finally, other scholars focused on the behavior of women when dealing with business. In this sense, particular attention has been paid to leadership and entrepreneurial behaviors. The former quite overlaps with dealing with the roles mentioned above, but also includes aspects such as leaders being stereotyped as masculine [e.g., 105 ], the need for greater exposure to female leaders to reduce biases [e.g., 106 ], or female leaders acting as queen bees [e.g., 107 ]. Regarding entrepreneurship , scholars mainly investigated women’s entrepreneurial entry [e.g., 108 , 109 ], differences between female and male entrepreneurs in the evaluations and funding received from investors [e.g., 110 , 111 ], and their performance gap [e.g., 112 , 113 ].

Education has long been recognized as key to social advancement and economic stability [ 114 ], for job progression and also a barrier to gender equality, especially in STEM-related fields. Research on education and gender equality is mostly linked with the topics of compensation , human capital , career progression , hiring , parenting and decision-making .

Education contributes to a higher human capital [ 115 ] and constitutes an investment on the part of women towards their future. In this context, literature points to the gender gap in educational attainment, and the consequences for women from a social, economic, personal and professional standpoint. Women are found to have less access to formal education and information, especially in emerging countries, which in turn may cause them to lose social and economic opportunities [e.g., 12 , 116 – 119 ]. Education in local and rural communities is also paramount to communicate the benefits of female empowerment , contributing to overall societal well-being [e.g., 120 ].

Once women access education, the image they have of the world and their place in society (i.e., habitus) affects their education performance [ 13 ] and is passed on to their children. These situations reinforce gender stereotypes, which become self-fulfilling prophecies that may negatively affect female students’ performance by lowering their confidence and heightening their anxiety [ 121 , 122 ]. Besides formal education, also the information that women are exposed to on a daily basis contributes to their human capital . Digital inequalities, for instance, stems from men spending more time online and acquiring higher digital skills than women [ 123 ].

Education is also a factor that should boost employability of candidates and thus hiring , career progression and compensation , however the relationship between these factors is not straightforward [ 115 ]. First, educational choices ( decision-making ) are influenced by variables such as self-efficacy and the presence of barriers, irrespectively of the career opportunities they offer, especially in STEM [ 124 ]. This brings additional difficulties to women’s enrollment and persistence in scientific and technical fields of study due to stereotypes and biases [ 125 , 126 ]. Moreover, access to education does not automatically translate into job opportunities for women and minority groups [ 127 , 128 ] or into female access to managerial positions [ 129 ].

Finally, parenting is reported as an antecedent of education [e.g., 130 ], with much of the literature focusing on the role of parents’ education on the opportunities afforded to children to enroll in education [ 131 – 134 ] and the role of parenting in their offspring’s perception of study fields and attitudes towards learning [ 135 – 138 ]. Parental education is also a predictor of the other related topics, namely human capital and compensation [ 139 ].

Decision-making

This literature mainly points to the fact that women are thought to make decisions differently than men. Women have indeed different priorities, such as they care more about people’s well-being, working with people or helping others, rather than maximizing their personal (or their firm’s) gain [ 140 ]. In other words, women typically present more communal than agentic behaviors, which are instead more frequent among men [ 141 ]. These different attitude, behavior and preferences in turn affect the decisions they make [e.g., 142 ] and the decision-making of the firm in which they work [e.g., 143 ].

At the individual level, gender affects, for instance, career aspirations [e.g., 144 ] and choices [e.g., 142 , 145 ], or the decision of creating a venture [e.g., 108 , 109 , 146 ]. Moreover, in everyday life, women and men make different decisions regarding partners [e.g., 147 ], childcare [e.g., 148 ], education [e.g., 149 ], attention to the environment [e.g., 150 ] and politics [e.g., 151 ].

At the firm level, scholars highlighted, for example, how the presence of women in the board affects corporate decisions [e.g., 152 , 153 ], that female CEOs are more conservative in accounting decisions [e.g., 154 ], or that female CFOs tend to make more conservative decisions regarding the firm’s financial reporting [e.g., 155 ]. Nevertheless, firm level research also investigated decisions that, influenced by gender bias, affect women, such as those pertaining hiring [e.g., 156 , 157 ], compensation [e.g., 73 , 158 ], or the empowerment of women once appointed [ 159 ].

Career progression

Once women have entered the workforce, the key aspect to achieve gender equality becomes career progression , including efforts toward overcoming the glass ceiling. Indeed, according to the SBS analysis, career progression is highly related to words such as work, social issues and equality. The topic with which it has the highest semantic overlap is role , followed by decision-making , hiring , education , compensation , leadership , human capital , and family .

Career progression implies an advancement in the hierarchical ladder of the firm, assigning managerial roles to women. Coherently, much of the literature has focused on identifying rationales for a greater female participation in the top management team and board of directors [e.g., 95 ] as well as the best criteria to ensure that the decision-makers promote the most valuable employees irrespectively of their individual characteristics, such as gender [e.g., 84 ]. The link between career progression , role and compensation is often provided in practice by performance appraisal exercises, frequently rooted in a culture of meritocracy that guides bonuses, salary increases and promotions. However, performance appraisals can actually mask gender-biased decisions where women are held to higher standards than their male colleagues [e.g., 83 , 84 , 95 , 160 , 161 ]. Women often have less opportunities to gain leadership experience and are less visible than their male colleagues, which constitute barriers to career advancement [e.g., 162 ]. Therefore, transparency and accountability, together with procedures that discourage discretionary choices, are paramount to achieve a fair career progression [e.g., 84 ], together with the relaxation of strict job boundaries in favor of cross-functional and self-directed tasks [e.g., 163 ].

In addition, a series of stereotypes about the type of leadership characteristics that are required for top management positions, which fit better with typical male and agentic attributes, are another key barrier to career advancement for women [e.g., 92 , 160 ].

Hiring is the entrance gateway for women into the workforce. Therefore, it is related to other workforce topics such as compensation , role , career progression , decision-making , human capital , performance , organization and education .

A first stream of literature focuses on the process leading up to candidates’ job applications, demonstrating that bias exists before positions are even opened, and it is perpetuated both by men and women through networking and gatekeeping practices [e.g., 164 , 165 ].

The hiring process itself is also subject to biases [ 166 ], for example gender-congruity bias that leads to men being preferred candidates in male-dominated sectors [e.g., 167 ], women being hired in positions with higher risk of failure [e.g., 168 ] and limited transparency and accountability afforded by written processes and procedures [e.g., 164 ] that all contribute to ascriptive inequality. In addition, providing incentives for evaluators to hire women may actually work to this end; however, this is not the case when supporting female candidates endangers higher-ranking male ones [ 169 ].

Another interesting perspective, instead, looks at top management teams’ composition and the effects on hiring practices, indicating that firms with more women in top management are less likely to lay off staff [e.g., 152 ].

Performance

Several scholars posed their attention towards women’s performance, its consequences [e.g., 170 , 171 ] and the implications of having women in decision-making positions [e.g., 18 , 19 ].

At the individual level, research focused on differences in educational and academic performance between women and men, especially referring to the gender gap in STEM fields [e.g., 171 ]. The presence of stereotype threats–that is the expectation that the members of a social group (e.g., women) “must deal with the possibility of being judged or treated stereotypically, or of doing something that would confirm the stereotype” [ 172 ]–affects women’s interested in STEM [e.g., 173 ], as well as their cognitive ability tests, penalizing them [e.g., 174 ]. A stronger gender identification enhances this gap [e.g., 175 ], whereas mentoring and role models can be used as solutions to this problem [e.g., 121 ]. Despite the negative effect of stereotype threats on girls’ performance [ 176 ], female and male students perform equally in mathematics and related subjects [e.g., 177 ]. Moreover, while individuals’ performance at school and university generally affects their achievements and the field in which they end up working, evidence reveals that performance in math or other scientific subjects does not explain why fewer women enter STEM working fields; rather this gap depends on other aspects, such as culture, past working experiences, or self-efficacy [e.g., 170 ]. Finally, scholars have highlighted the penalization that women face for their positive performance, for instance when they succeed in traditionally male areas [e.g., 178 ]. This penalization is explained by the violation of gender-stereotypic prescriptions [e.g., 179 , 180 ], that is having women well performing in agentic areas, which are typical associated to men. Performance penalization can thus be overcome by clearly conveying communal characteristics and behaviors [ 178 ].

Evidence has been provided on how the involvement of women in boards of directors and decision-making positions affects firms’ performance. Nevertheless, results are mixed, with some studies showing positive effects on financial [ 19 , 181 , 182 ] and corporate social performance [ 99 , 182 , 183 ]. Other studies maintain a negative association [e.g., 18 ], and other again mixed [e.g., 184 ] or non-significant association [e.g., 185 ]. Also with respect to the presence of a female CEO, mixed results emerged so far, with some researches demonstrating a positive effect on firm’s performance [e.g., 96 , 186 ], while other obtaining only a limited evidence of this relationship [e.g., 103 ] or a negative one [e.g., 187 ].

Finally, some studies have investigated whether and how women’s performance affects their hiring [e.g., 101 ] and career progression [e.g., 83 , 160 ]. For instance, academic performance leads to different returns in hiring for women and men. Specifically, high-achieving men are called back significantly more often than high-achieving women, which are penalized when they have a major in mathematics; this result depends on employers’ gendered standards for applicants [e.g., 101 ]. Once appointed, performance ratings are more strongly related to promotions for women than men, and promoted women typically show higher past performance ratings than those of promoted men. This suggesting that women are subject to stricter standards for promotion [e.g., 160 ].

Behavioral aspects related to gender follow two main streams of literature. The first examines female personality and behavior in the workplace, and their alignment with cultural expectations or stereotypes [e.g., 188 ] as well as their impacts on equality. There is a common bias that depicts women as less agentic than males. Certain characteristics, such as those more congruent with male behaviors–e.g., self-promotion [e.g., 189 ], negotiation skills [e.g., 190 ] and general agentic behavior [e.g., 191 ]–, are less accepted in women. However, characteristics such as individualism in women have been found to promote greater gender equality in society [ 192 ]. In addition, behaviors such as display of emotions [e.g., 193 ], which are stereotypically female, work against women’s acceptance in the workplace, requiring women to carefully moderate their behavior to avoid exclusion. A counter-intuitive result is that women and minorities, which are more marginalized in the workplace, tend to be better problem-solvers in innovation competitions due to their different knowledge bases [ 194 ].

The other side of the coin is examined in a parallel literature stream on behavior towards women in the workplace. As a result of biases, prejudices and stereotypes, women may experience adverse behavior from their colleagues, such as incivility and harassment, which undermine their well-being [e.g., 195 , 196 ]. Biases that go beyond gender, such as for overweight people, are also more strongly applied to women [ 197 ].

Organization

The role of women and gender bias in organizations has been studied from different perspectives, which mirror those presented in detail in the following sections. Specifically, most research highlighted the stereotypical view of leaders [e.g., 105 ] and the roles played by women within firms, for instance referring to presence in the board of directors [e.g., 18 , 90 , 91 ], appointment as CEOs [e.g., 16 ], or top executives [e.g., 93 ].

Scholars have investigated antecedents and consequences of the presence of women in these apical roles. On the one side they looked at hiring and career progression [e.g., 83 , 92 , 160 , 168 , 198 ], finding women typically disadvantaged with respect to their male counterparts. On the other side, they studied women’s leadership styles and influence on the firm’s decision-making [e.g., 152 , 154 , 155 , 199 ], with implications for performance [e.g., 18 , 19 , 96 ].

Human capital

Human capital is a transverse topic that touches upon many different aspects of female gender equality. As such, it has the most associations with other topics, starting with education as mentioned above, with career-related topics such as role , decision-making , hiring , career progression , performance , compensation , leadership and organization . Another topic with which there is a close connection is behavior . In general, human capital is approached both from the education standpoint but also from the perspective of social capital.

The behavioral aspect in human capital comprises research related to gender differences for example in cultural and religious beliefs that influence women’s attitudes and perceptions towards STEM subjects [ 142 , 200 – 202 ], towards employment [ 203 ] or towards environmental issues [ 150 , 204 ]. These cultural differences also emerge in the context of globalization which may accelerate gender equality in the workforce [ 205 , 206 ]. Gender differences also appear in behaviors such as motivation [ 207 ], and in negotiation [ 190 ], and have repercussions on women’s decision-making related to their careers. The so-called gender equality paradox sees women in countries with lower gender equality more likely to pursue studies and careers in STEM fields, whereas the gap in STEM enrollment widens as countries achieve greater equality in society [ 171 ].

Career progression is modeled by literature as a choice-process where personal preferences, culture and decision-making affect the chosen path and the outcomes. Some literature highlights how women tend to self-select into different professions than men, often due to stereotypes rather than actual ability to perform in these professions [ 142 , 144 ]. These stereotypes also affect the perceptions of female performance or the amount of human capital required to equal male performance [ 110 , 193 , 208 ], particularly for mothers [ 81 ]. It is therefore often assumed that women are better suited to less visible and less leadership -oriented roles [ 209 ]. Women also express differing preferences towards work-family balance, which affect whether and how they pursue human capital gains [ 210 ], and ultimately their career progression and salary .

On the other hand, men are often unaware of gendered processes and behaviors that they carry forward in their interactions and decision-making [ 211 , 212 ]. Therefore, initiatives aimed at increasing managers’ human capital –by raising awareness of gender disparities in their organizations and engaging them in diversity promotion–are essential steps to counter gender bias and segregation [ 213 ].

Emerging topics: Leadership and entrepreneurship

Among the emerging topics, the most pervasive one is women reaching leadership positions in the workforce and in society. This is still a rare occurrence for two main types of factors, on the one hand, bias and discrimination make it harder for women to access leadership positions [e.g., 214 – 216 ], on the other hand, the competitive nature and high pressure associated with leadership positions, coupled with the lack of women currently represented, reduce women’s desire to achieve them [e.g., 209 , 217 ]. Women are more effective leaders when they have access to education, resources and a diverse environment with representation [e.g., 218 , 219 ].

One sector where there is potential for women to carve out a leadership role is entrepreneurship . Although at the start of the millennium the discourse on entrepreneurship was found to be “discriminatory, gender-biased, ethnocentrically determined and ideologically controlled” [ 220 ], an increasing body of literature is studying how to stimulate female entrepreneurship as an alternative pathway to wealth, leadership and empowerment [e.g., 221 ]. Many barriers exist for women to access entrepreneurship, including the institutional and legal environment, social and cultural factors, access to knowledge and resources, and individual behavior [e.g., 222 , 223 ]. Education has been found to raise women’s entrepreneurial intentions [e.g., 224 ], although this effect is smaller than for men [e.g., 109 ]. In addition, increasing self-efficacy and risk-taking behavior constitute important success factors [e.g., 225 ].

Finally, the topic of sustainability is worth mentioning, as it is the primary objective of the SDGs and is closely associated with societal well-being. As society grapples with the effects of climate change and increasing depletion of natural resources, a narrative has emerged on women and their greater link to the environment [ 226 ]. Studies in developed countries have found some support for women leaders’ attention to sustainability issues in firms [e.g., 227 – 229 ], and smaller resource consumption by women [ 230 ]. At the same time, women will likely be more affected by the consequences of climate change [e.g., 230 ] but often lack the decision-making power to influence local decision-making on resource management and environmental policies [e.g., 231 ].

Research gaps and conclusions

Research on gender equality has advanced rapidly in the past decades, with a steady increase in publications, both in mainstream topics related to women in education and the workforce, and in emerging topics. Through a novel approach combining methods of text mining and social network analysis, we examined a comprehensive body of literature comprising 15,465 papers published between 2000 and mid 2021 on topics related to gender equality. We identified a set of 27 topics addressed by the literature and examined their connections.

At the highest level of abstraction, it is worth noting that papers abound on the identification of issues related to gender inequalities and imbalances in the workforce and in society. Literature has thoroughly examined the (unconscious) biases, barriers, stereotypes, and discriminatory behaviors that women are facing as a result of their gender. Instead, there are much fewer papers that discuss or demonstrate effective solutions to overcome gender bias [e.g., 121 , 143 , 145 , 163 , 194 , 213 , 232 ]. This is partly due to the relative ease in studying the status quo, as opposed to studying changes in the status quo. However, we observed a shift in the more recent years towards solution seeking in this domain, which we strongly encourage future researchers to focus on. In the future, we may focus on collecting and mapping pro-active contributions to gender studies, using additional Natural Language Processing techniques, able to measure the sentiment of scientific papers [ 43 ].

All of the mainstream topics identified in our literature review are closely related, and there is a wealth of insights looking at the intersection between issues such as education and career progression or human capital and role . However, emerging topics are worthy of being furtherly explored. It would be interesting to see more work on the topic of female entrepreneurship , exploring aspects such as education , personality , governance , management and leadership . For instance, how can education support female entrepreneurship? How can self-efficacy and risk-taking behaviors be taught or enhanced? What are the differences in managerial and governance styles of female entrepreneurs? Which personality traits are associated with successful entrepreneurs? Which traits are preferred by venture capitalists and funding bodies?

The emerging topic of sustainability also deserves further attention, as our society struggles with climate change and its consequences. It would be interesting to see more research on the intersection between sustainability and entrepreneurship , looking at how female entrepreneurs are tackling sustainability issues, examining both their business models and their company governance . In addition, scholars are suggested to dig deeper into the relationship between family values and behaviors.

Moreover, it would be relevant to understand how women’s networks (social capital), or the composition and structure of social networks involving both women and men, enable them to increase their remuneration and reach top corporate positions, participate in key decision-making bodies, and have a voice in communities. Furthermore, the achievement of gender equality might significantly change firm networks and ecosystems, with important implications for their performance and survival.

Similarly, research at the nexus of (corporate) governance , career progression , compensation and female empowerment could yield useful insights–for example discussing how enterprises, institutions and countries are managed and the impact for women and other minorities. Are there specific governance structures that favor diversity and inclusion?

Lastly, we foresee an emerging stream of research pertaining how the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic challenged women, especially in the workforce, by making gender biases more evident.

For our analysis, we considered a set of 15,465 articles downloaded from the Scopus database (which is the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature). As we were interested in reviewing business and economics related gender studies, we only considered those papers published in journals listed in the Academic Journal Guide (AJG) 2018 ranking of the Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS). All the journals listed in this ranking are also indexed by Scopus. Therefore, looking at a single database (i.e., Scopus) should not be considered a limitation of our study. However, future research could consider different databases and inclusion criteria.

With our literature review, we offer researchers a comprehensive map of major gender-related research trends over the past twenty-two years. This can serve as a lens to look to the future, contributing to the achievement of SDG5. Researchers may use our study as a starting point to identify key themes addressed in the literature. In addition, our methodological approach–based on the use of the Semantic Brand Score and its webapp–could support scholars interested in reviewing other areas of research.

Supporting information

Acknowledgments.

The computing resources and the related technical support used for this work have been provided by CRESCO/ENEAGRID High Performance Computing infrastructure and its staff. CRESCO/ENEAGRID High Performance Computing infrastructure is funded by ENEA, the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development and by Italian and European research programmes (see http://www.cresco.enea.it/english for information).

Funding Statement

P.B and F.C.: Grant of the Department of Energy, Systems, Territory and Construction of the University of Pisa (DESTEC) for the project “Measuring Gender Bias with Semantic Analysis: The Development of an Assessment Tool and its Application in the European Space Industry. P.B., F.C., A.F.C., P.R.: Grant of the Italian Association of Management Engineering (AiIG), “Misure di sostegno ai soci giovani AiIG” 2020, for the project “Gender Equality Through Data Intelligence (GEDI)”. F.C.: EU project ASSETs+ Project (Alliance for Strategic Skills addressing Emerging Technologies in Defence) EAC/A03/2018 - Erasmus+ programme, Sector Skills Alliances, Lot 3: Sector Skills Alliance for implementing a new strategic approach (Blueprint) to sectoral cooperation on skills G.A. NUMBER: 612678-EPP-1-2019-1-IT-EPPKA2-SSA-B.

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• Sage Research Methods Core This link opens in a new window SAGE Research Methods supports research at all levels by providing material to guide users through every step of the research process. SAGE Research Methods is the ultimate methods library with more than 1000 books, reference works, journal articles, and instructional videos by world-leading academics from across the social sciences, including the largest collection of qualitative methods books available online from any scholarly publisher. – Publisher

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• Research Methods: Primary Sources This link opens in a new window Research Methods Primary Sources is an exciting new platform that introduces humanities and social science students to the key approaches and methodologies of working with source material. Designed to be used in the classroom or for independent study, this resource will empower students to engage with primary sources and assess historical evidence with confidence. more... less... At the heart of Research Methods, you will find nearly 200 hundred essays, videos, "How to" guides and case studies by subject specialists which answer all of your questions about working with primary sources. From guidance on where you can find historical documents, to the questions you might want to pose and how best to approach analysing the content they hold, this platform gathers together practical advice and instruction from experts working around the world. – Publisher
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• A Women's Thesaurus: An Index of Language Used to Describe and Locate Information by and About Women. by Mary Ellen S. Capek Call Number: Special Collections Femina Ref 025.49305 W872 Publication Date: 1987 Over 5,000 terms, not derived from the Library of Congress Subject Headings. Also at Oak Grove Library Center Request Online 025.49305 W872
• Women in LC's Terms by Ellen J. Waite; Ruth Dickstein; Victoria A. Mills Call Number: Special Collections Femina Ref 025.49305 D5545w Publication Date: 1988 "A guide to the Library of Congress (LC) subject headings used for women and topics of relevance to women's lives."
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Gender and the law, cluster overview.

Warwick Law School offered its first full year undergraduate module on ‘women and the law’ as long ago as 1977, when feminist studies of law were still in their infancy. Since then, it has continued to celebrate scholarship on the gendered construction, operation and impact of law, reflected both in colleagues’ research and teaching.

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Though the foci and approaches of scholarship within the Gender & Law Cluster are varied, a prominent theme of much research has been the relationship between gender, development and human rights, particularly in post colonial societies. Much work has also been undertaken on the issue of gender-based violence, whether during armed conflict or in times of ‘peace’, across domestic and international regimes, and within criminal, asylum and family systems. Issues linked to the valuing of women’s care labour in employment and family contexts has also been a dominant focus of attention, as have wider but often associated issues regarding equality, discrimination and inclusion. Theoretical, empirical, comparative and doctrinal methodologies weave through the research produced within this cluster, and its members draw variously on feminist and queer theories of law to expose the contradictions, constraints and consequences of prevailing power dynamics.

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100 Gender Research Topics For Academic Papers

Gender research topics are very popular across the world. Students in different academic disciplines are often asked to write papers and essays about these topics. Some of the disciplines that require learners to write about gender topics include:

Sociology Psychology Gender studies Business studies

When pursuing higher education in these disciplines, learners can choose what to write about from a wide range of gender issues topics. However, the wide range of issues that learners can research and write about when it comes to gender makes choosing what to write about difficult. Here is a list of the top 100 gender and sexuality topics that students can consider.

Controversial Gender Research Topics

Do you like the idea of writing about something controversial? If yes, this category has some of the best gender topics to write about. They touch on issues like gender stereotypes and issues that are generally associated with members of a specific gender. Here are some of the best controversial gender topics that you can write about.

• How human behavior is affected by gender misconceptions
• How are straight marriages influenced by gay marriages
• Explain the most common sex-role stereotypes
• What are the effects of workplace stereotypes?
• What issues affect modern feminism?
• How sexuality affects sex-role stereotyping
• How does the media break sex-role stereotypes
• Explain the dual approach to equality between women and men
• What are the most outdated sex-role stereotypes
• Are men better than women?
• How equal are men and women?
• How do politics and sexuality relate?
• How can films defy gender-based stereotypes
• What are the advantages of being a woman?
• What are the disadvantages of being a woman?
• What are the advantages of being a man?
• Discuss the disadvantages of being a woman
• Should governments legalize prostitution?
• Explain how sexual orientation came about?
• Women communicate better than men
• Women are the stronger sex
• Explain how the world can be made better for women
• Discuss the future gender norms
• How important are sex roles in society
• Discuss the transgender and feminism theory
• How does feminism help in the creation of alternative women’s culture?
• Gender stereotypes in education and science
• Discuss racial variations when it comes to gender-related attitudes
• Women are better leaders
• Men can’t survive without women

This category also has some of the best gender debate topics. However, learners should be keen to pick topics they are interested in. This will enable them to ensure that they enjoy the research and writing process.

Interesting Gender Inequality Topics

Gender-based inequality is witnessed almost every day. As such, most learners are conversant with gender inequality research paper topics. However, it’s crucial to pick topics that are devoid of discrimination of members of a specific gender. Here are examples of gender inequality essay topics.

• Sex discrimination aspects in schools
• How to identify inequality between sexes
• Sex discrimination causes
• The inferior role played by women in relationships
• Discuss sex differences in the education system
• How can gender discrimination be identified in sports?
• Can inequality issues between men and women be solved through education?
• Why are professional opportunities for women in sports limited?
• Why are there fewer women in leadership positions?
• Discuss gender inequality when it comes to work-family balance
• How does gender-based discrimination affect early childhood development?
• Can sex discrimination be reduced by technology?
• How can sex discrimination be identified in a marriage?
• Explain where sex discrimination originates from
• Discuss segregation and motherhood in labor markets
• Explain classroom sex discrimination
• How can inequality in American history be justified?
• Discuss different types of sex discrimination in modern society
• Discuss various factors that cause gender-based inequality
• Discuss inequality in human resource practices and processes
• Why is inequality between women and men so rampant in developing countries?
• How can governments bridge gender gaps between women and men?
• Work-home conflict is a sign of inequality between women and men
• Explain why women are less wealthy than men
• How can workplace gender-based inequality be addressed?

After choosing the gender inequality essay topics they like, students should research, brainstorm ideas, and come up with an outline before they start writing. This will ensure that their essays have engaging introductions and convincing bodies, as well as, strong conclusions.

Amazing Gender Roles Topics for Academic Papers and Essays

This category has ideas that slightly differ from gender equality topics. That’s because equality or lack of it can be measured by considering the representation of both genders in different roles. As such, some gender roles essay topics might not require tiresome and extensive research to write about. Nevertheless, learners should take time to gather the necessary information required to write about these topics. Here are some of the best gender topics for discussion when it comes to the roles played by men and women in society.

• Describe gender identity
• Describe how a women-dominated society would be
• Compare gender development theories
• How equally important are maternity and paternity levees for babies?
• How can gender-parity be achieved when it comes to parenting?
• Discuss the issues faced by modern feminism
• How do men differ from women emotionally?
• Discuss gender identity and sexual orientation
• Is investing in the education of girls beneficial?
• Explain the adoption of gender-role stereotyped behaviors
• Discuss games and toys for boys and girls
• Describe patriarchal attitudes in families
• Explain patriarchal stereotypes in family relationships
• What roles do women and men play in politics?
• Discuss sex equity and academic careers
• Compare military career opportunities for both genders
• Discuss the perception of women in the military
• Describe feminine traits
• Discus gender-related issues faced by women in gaming
• Men should play major roles in the welfare of their children
• Explain how the aging population affects the economic welfare of women?
• What has historically determined modern differences in gender roles?
• Does society need stereotyped gender roles?
• Does nature have a role to play in stereotyped gender roles?
• The development and adoption of gender roles

The list of gender essay topics that are based on the roles of each sex can be quite extensive. Nevertheless, students should be keen to pick interesting gender topics in this category.

Important Gender Issues Topics for Research Paper

If you want to write a paper or essay on an important gender issue, this category has the best ideas for you. Students can write about different issues that affect individuals of different genders. For instance, this category can include gender wage gap essay topics. Wage variation is a common issue that affects women in different countries. Some of the best gender research paper topics in this category include:

• Discuss gender mainstreaming purpose
• Discuss the issue of gender-based violence
• Why is the wage gap so common in most countries?
• How can society promote equality in opportunities for women and men in sports?
• Explain what it means to be transgender
• Discuss the best practices of gender-neutral management
• What is women’s empowerment?
• Discuss how human trafficking affects women
• How problematic is gender-blindness for women?
• What does the glass ceiling mean in management?
• Why are women at a higher risk of sexual exploitation and violence?
• Why is STEM uptake low among women?
• How does ideology affect the determination of relations between genders
• How are sporting women fighting for equality?
• Discuss sports, women, and media institutions
• How can cities be made safer for girls and women?
• Discuss international trends in the empowerment of women
• How do women contribute to the world economy?
• Explain how feminism on different social relations unites men and women as groups
• Explain how gender diversity influence scientific discovery and innovation

This category has some of the most interesting women’s and gender studies paper topics. However, most of them require extensive research to come up with hard facts and figures that will make academic papers or essays more interesting.

Students in high schools and colleges can pick what to write about from a wide range of gender studies research topics. However, some gender studies topics might not be ideal for some learners based on the given essay prompt. Therefore, make sure that you have understood what the educator wants you to write about before you pick a topic. Our experts can help you choose a good thesis topic . Choosing the right gender studies topics enables learners to answer the asked questions properly. This impresses educators to award them top grades.

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569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender

Looking for gender research topics for your paper? Look no further! In this awesome list, you will find here plenty of research questions about gender, essay topics, discussion ideas, and more. Check it out!

🏆 Best Essay Topics on Gender

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• Gender-Based Violence in South Africa
• Gender and Sexuality: Essay Example
• Elizabethan Era Gender Roles in Shakespeare Plays
• The Social Construction of Gender Roles
• Gender Inequality Issue and Solutions
• The Social Construction of Gender
• “Lanval”: Summary & Analysis of Gender Roles and Courtly Love
• Gender-Neutral Toilets in Schools Schools with both gender-expansive and transgender students are often endeavoring to create an enabling environment that addresses the needs of such a diverse population.
• Preventing Gender-Based Violence Addressing the issue of gender-based violence by introducing both relevant legal practices and educational projects at different levels is a crucial task.
• Gender Roles in The Tempest Looking for an essay on gender roles in The Tempest by Shakespeare? Here is a great essay sample on the topic! Use it to get inspired.
• Gender-Based Violence and Its Effects: Literature Review Gender-based violence is one of the most persistent issues affecting women around the world, and many literary masterpieces were oriented on the massive spread of this problem.
• Impact of Fashion on Gender and Sexual Identity Fashion has long been used to communicate gender and sexuality. Clothing is a powerful way of expressing identity and communicating with the outside world.
• Gender Discrimination Issues and Interventions Women should be encouraged to more actively protect their labor rights, do not be afraid to apply to the prosecutor’s office, the state labor inspectorate, or the court.
• Gender Lightbulb Moment in Personal Experience The sex-role stereotyping and gender bias can be countered by educating people on the importance of diversity.
• Gender Roles in Medea – Stereotypes & Resistance With the help of Medea and Jason, the main characters of the play “Medea”, Euripides presented individuals as complex creatures who carry both women’s and man’s characteristics.
• Gender Inequality in the Workplace The global fight against gender inequality in the workplace can be successful if appropriate initiatives and interventions are taken at the organizational level.
• Gender Roles Effects on Children Development Many aspects of children education affect their development. One of these aspects is the way in which they are taught about gender roles.
• Cultural Impact on Gender and Sexuality The biblical understanding of sexuality and gender perceives gender as a result of differences in traditional scripts for boys and girls.
• Changing Gender Roles in Families This essay analyzes two articles on family gender roles and argues that the changing gender roles in modern society is rapidly being driven by single parent family controversy.
• Gender and Grade Point Average: Statistical Analysis This research paper aims to assess the relationship between Grade Point Average and gender by applying correlation analysis with stratified sampling.
• Speech of Emma Watson: Gender Equality The paper discusses the process of Emma Watson makes the first speech called United Nations Address on Gender Equality, focusing on gender equality.
• Social Construction of Gender and Sexual Dichotomy Gender is usually divided into two sexes, namely male and female, in modern society. Traditionally, gender is determined by various physiological features, such as genitalia.
• Gender Stereotypes in Western and Eastern Culture Stereotypes claim that the girls from the east are well behaved. They are shy and respectful, quiet and smart.
• Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Culture In the contemporary society, gender and sexuality forms the basis for recognition. In effect, social construction defines that males and females are different creatures.
• Gender Roles in “Wide Sargasso Sea” by Jean Rhys The impacts of colonialism and civilisation on the society in the Jean Rhys’ novel, Wide Sargasso Sea and specifically regarding its impact on gender roles in society.
• The Issue of Gender-Separated Sports Gender-separated sports provide better opportunities for all gender involved while also respecting gender-related patterns of building social relations.
• Personal Awareness: Gender Identity Personal awareness is an important aspect of life cause it empowers a person on how to make cognizant decisions. Friends, family and society have a profound impact on personality.
• Sex and Gender as a Social Phenomenon The paper establishes the differences between sex and gender; defines the term of gender identity; interprets gender from the viewpoint of every sociological angle.
• The Gender Dysphoria Concept Gender dysphoria is a condition that manifests in a mismatch between a person’s biological sex and gender identity.
• Gender in The Great Gatsby & The Yellow Wallpaper The complexities of men and women in the texts were examined and evaluated on the basis of sexuality and relationship and the inferences would be supported by the text itself.
• Gender Stereotyping in the “Pretty Woman” Movie The movie Pretty Woman, starring Julia Roberts and Richard Gere, created quite a bit of stirring among the feminist supporters of the country.
• Multiculturalism as a Threat to Gender Equality To make democratic states realize that tolerance must not equal acceptance and that the specifics of a particular culture must not be projected onto another one.
• Women and Gender Roles in “Antigone” by Sophocles Sophocles’ “Antigone” tells a story of a woman who disobeys the order of the ruler of Thebes who decided to leave the body of her brother unburied on the battlefield.
• Gender Differences in Using the English Language This paper investigates gender differences in using the English language to understand the attitudes of men and women when they choose the way of pronunciation and vocabulary.
• Gender Discrimination and Performance in the Workplace While talking about the gender discrimination, both sexes are considered although on discrimination the female are mainly on the receiving end.
• Gender Representation in Akira Kurosawa’s Films This paper is intended to analyze one of the most controversial topics of Kurosawa’s films, specifically gender representation.
• Gender Differences in Delinquency Research shows that gender is the most influential correlate for juvenile delinquency. In other words, males tend to commit more crimes than women.
• Japanese vs. American Male Gender Roles American males perceived their women as weak and powerless creatures requiring protection, whereas the Japanese male stereotypes envisioned their women as being subordinate to men.
• Women and Men Empowerment for Gender Equality The current world has emphasized women empowerment that has led to men’s disempowerment. It is important to involve men in the intervention of gender equality.
• How Gender Stereotypes Affect Society Gender stereotypes are harmful because they only teach men and women to act in certain ways; they confine people to a set of behaviors associated with their gender.
• Biology and Culture of Gender Color Stereotypes This paper attempts to answer this question and determine whether the indicated color genders are biologically based or culturally embedded.
• Gender Roles in “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Atwood Margaret Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale” is a novel illustrating a dystopian system in which fertile women become the maids of couples who cannot conceive.
• The Problem of Gender Identity in Sports Allowing athletes to compete regardless of their gender may effectively address gender segregation often shown in sports.
• The Movie”Smurfs”: The Problem of Gender Roles The gender roles in the Smurfs are polarized and fixed between male and female stereotypes, which is a mentality of the past.
• Influence of Gender on Life and Sexism Sexism is a negative phenomenon meaning that individuals face various opportunities and attitudes based on their genders.
• Futurama Series Speaks Against Gender Stereotypes Although Futurama may seem to be a sexist series, at first sight, a closer examination reveals several directions in which this work speaks against gender stereotypes.
• Horizontal and Vertical Gender Segregation in Employment Gender segregation refers to unequal distribution of men and women in the occupational structure. Vertical segregation refers to placing men at the top of occupational hierarchies.
• Impact of Globalization on Norms and Experiences around Gender Inequality is one of the most prolonged global debates that have refused to go away despite the great strides made through globalization
• Global Misunderstanding of the Idea of Feminism and Gender Equality Global misunderstanding of the idea of feminism and gender equality in education leads to devastating consequences that cannot be allowed.
• Gender Inequality in French Hospitality Industry The study scrutinizes the French hotel and tourism sector and the concerns and challenges women encounter in management roles and compares them to the trends.
• Nursing Attitudes toward Trans and Gender-Nonconforming Pediatric Patients The PICO question of the paper: Does nursing knowledge and attitudes toward trans and gender-nonconforming pediatric patients improve cultural competence and healthcare disparities?
• Race and Gender Stereotypes in Literature Literary texts are used to advance gender and race-related stereotypes. In this paper, the author examines three literary texts: Araby, The Hound of the Baskervilles and The False Gems.
• Objective Social Structure: Race, Gender, and Class The vast majority of social divisions take place based on race, gender, and class, where one or all three categories are imposed on individuals.
• Nature-Nurture Debate of Gender Identity The paper states that what determines the gender of an individual, nature or nurture, was of interest to people long before the advent of gender studies.
• Addressing the Issue of Gender Equality Gender equality is one of the core problems of the current century. It means providing equal conditions for men and women
• Gender and Sexual activity: Literature Review This literature review focus on various perspectives of gender and sexuality in the context of different arenas of social groups.
• Gender Discrimination in Society and Social Media: Solutions The paper finds out to what extent discriminatory attitudes are present in different societies and how much social media induce them.
• The Color of Sex: Postwar Histories of Race and Gender The article “The Color of Sex: Postwar Photogenic Histories of Race and Gender in National Geographic Magazines” disclosed how the images of people of color are formed by the popular culture.
• Gender Dynamics in Development This essay opens with the indication of how serious gender dynamics affect life. Gender issues must be understood if development goals are to be realized.
• The Gender Pay Gap in Australia The existence of a gender gap is a severe problem for economic equality in a democratic society. This paper tests the idea that a gender pay gap exists using Australian workers.
• Gender Discrimination in “Disgrace” by J.M Coetzee J.M Coetzee’s book “Disgrace” that has been examined in this paper explores the nature of gender discrimination meted on women in South Africa.
• Susan Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’ – Gender Oppression and Justice The drama Trifles by Susan Glaspell revolves around the murder of John Wright, a farmer described by his peers as an honest and hard-working man.
• Is Gender Natural or Acquired? Gender may be categorized as both natural and acquired since one has the ability to transform from one gender to another.
• Issues of Sex and Gender in Society Today All issues related to gender have been rather acute and debated since early times. One can deftly manipulate people for the sake of one’s benefit.
• Postmodern Feminism and Its Theory of Gender as Social Construction Post modern feminists argue that there are no natural building blocks between genders. It is the society that structures human being in a particular way to keep differences.
• Issues in Sports: Gender Equality Numerous societies have not recognized that women have the flair to take part in any sport that a man can do, with equivalent expertise if not best.
• Gender Roles: “What’s That Smell in the Kitchen” by Piercy “What’s That Smell in the Kitchen” by Marge Piercy is a poem that speaks against gender-stereotyped roles in society. It considers as a feminist literary piece of the 20th century.
• The Role of Gender in Social and Moral Development Gender is a quality that society has been using as a source of information about a person for centuries, concluding one’s personality.
• Gender Roles in the Boys Don’t Cry Movie Boys Don’t Cry is a famous movie directed by Kimberly Peirce. It explores the influence of rigid gender-based behavioral expectations on a person’s well-being and safety.
• The Issue of Gender Discrimination Related to Business and Society In this paper, the issue of gender discrimination will be analyzed based on how the deteriorated relationships taking root from societal issues affect all sides of the conflict.
• Social Learning and Gender Schema Theories The paper states that social learning theory and gender schema theory, studying the same subject, provide their perceptions of gender-role development.
• Gender Bias in Sports Commentary Observations The analysis of the ESPN coverage of sporting events shows that, although women are portrayed mostly equally, they generally receive less media attention than men.
• Analyzing the Relationship Between Gender and Victimization Women generally do not perform criminal activities as often as men. What is more, they are clearly underrepresented in the criminal justice system.
• Gender Is a Culturally Prescribed Role, Rather Than a Biological Sex The debates concerning the notions of “sex” and “gender” have been going on over the years.
• Gender Differences in Agressive Behavior The belief that violence is observed mostly in men than in women in the daily observations has a stable base in the records of crime and also in the common perception about gender.
• Women: Gender Inequality and Discrimination This paper explains whether innate gender differences exist and how they determine the abilities, choices, and aptitudes that differentiate men from women.
• Themes of Feminism & Gender in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Ibsen is considered one of the most successful play writers of the 19th century. He has a large body of work in various genres of literature.
• Gender Roles and Inequalities in Advertisement The perfume for men, Dior Sauvage, was released in 2019, and an advertising campaign supported it with Johnny Depp.
• What About Gender Is Most Interesting to Sociologists? Before the emergence of the discipline of gender studies, there was an understanding that the social is biologically determined.
• Does Gender Affect the Type of Law Violation? One of the most predominant and consistent observations in the criminal justice system is that the type of law violation is often dependent on gender.
• Gender and Sexuality in Modern Society The topic of gender and sexuality emphasized how anthropology is connected to modern society and the world as it provides a cultural perspective on women’s role in society.
• “Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment” by Kabeer Gender inequality is an issue that has led to endless debates with different people proposing diverse solutions to ensure equality is exercised.
• Sally Haslanger’s “Gender and Race” Review In Sally Haslanger’s philosophical essay ‘Gender and Race: (What) are they? (What) do we want them to be?’ the author utilizes an analytical approach to gender and race.
• Discussion of Gender and Society Themes in Films The paper discusses gender and society themes in “The Power of Categories”, “How to Survive a Plague”, “Intersexion” and “The Edge Of Gender”.
• Gender, Racial Discrimination, and Exclusion in Toni Morrison’s “Paradise” “Paradise” addresses the issue of racism by narrating a story about African Americans who move to the town of Ruby, in which people repeat certain mistakes.
• Societal and Gender Construction Affecting Incidents of Domestic Violence The paper intends to explore how societal and gender construction can affect the incidences of domestic violence.
• Gender Gaps in Student Academic Achievement The following research paper will focus on the issue discussed by Tsai et al. in “Gender gaps in student academic achievement and inequality.”
• Single Parenthood Households and Gender-Related Issues In contemporary society, single parenthood has become common. Marriages between two couples are no longer popular.
• Gender & Feminism in A Doll’s House The paper uses a combination of gender focus and reader-response approaches and argues that in “A Doll’s House” women’s self-sacrifice is viewed as a regular responsibility.
• Gender in “The Chrysanthemums” by John Steinbeck John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums focuses on the theme of gender roles and the discrimination of women based on their gender.
• Chapter 12 of Introduction to Women’s and Gender Studies by Gills & Jacobs Chapter 12 of “Introduction to Women’s and Gender Studies” by Gills & Jacobs made me think that feminism is often misunderstood due to the diversity of opinion.
• Gender Expectations in the Disney Film “The Little Mermaid” This article will show that the Disney’s work magnifies the evolving roles of women in society, and despite the existing tensions and backlash, women are integrating successfully into the society.
• Gender is an Often Culturally-Prescribed Role Over the years, there were debates about notions of “sex” and “gender”. The recent point of view is that gender roles are not universal for every individual.
• The Autism-Gender Relationship Analysis This paper examines the relationship between gender and autism, including the possible involvement of various genetic, environmental, and physiological factors.
• Gender Divide and Solidarity in Susan Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’ Trifles is an one-act play written by Susan Glaspell which crux of the story is the murder of John Wright, and the subsequent investigation of this event by other characters.
• Gender Diversity Within and Beyond School Contexts Human society holds on to traditional stereotypes and social norms regarding gender roles and acceptable behaviors, continuously reinforced from childhood.
• Gender, Labor, and Power in the Global Apparel Industry by Jane L. Collins Interpretation of the fairy tale in which the demon offers to help a woman spin straw to gold is the depiction of how industries have thrived at the expense of social welfare.
• Cinderella and Girl: Feminist and Gender Critique Anne Sexton, in her poem Cinderella focuses on the position of women in society on the material of the well-known fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm.
• Gender Diversity in Organizations A strategy to combat gender bias in the workplace is now in place. Equalization of opportunities and access to resources for both genders has become a key method of this approach.
• Sexism and Gender Inequality in Sport The paper reviews an example of sexism and gender inequality and academic scholarship on the topic. Women athletes have faced gender inequality and sexism.
• “Women’s Assessments of Gender Equality Critique” by Kurzman This article explains how women’s assessment of gender equality does not continually match with the worldwide indices of gender inequality.
• Gender, Social Structure and Division of Labor In every community, there is a gender structure that provides bodies with inequality through the sex category.
• Sexual Agency: The Gender Politics of Campus Sex Sexual agency is the ability to make decisions freely in situations that involve a sexual context. It is the choice of whether one wants to engage in sexual activity.
• “Is Gender Equality the Silent Killer of Marriages?” Article Analysis The article “Is Equality Ruining Your Marriage?” by Suzanne Venker explores the adverse effects of integrating egalitarian concepts in the marriage context.
• Marriage and Inequalities With Gender The issue of bridging gender equality has been the center of debate in the 21 century. The role of women in society could no longer be underestimated.
• Gender Relations in Roman Society The aspect of gender relations in Rome involves some peculiarities which help to perceive the whole essence of the Roman culture.
• Performative Acts and Gender Constitution The rationale for Butler’s idea that gender represents actions that are norms and traditions of our society reflects cultural and historical experience.
• Gender Issues in the Leadership of the Organization Traditional stereotypes of women as being less suited for leadership roles is also one of the reasons why gender has been linked to leadership.
• Gender Stereotypes in Family and Academic Settings The persistence of gender stereotypes in the USA as well as the rest of the world is one of the most burning issues.
• Gender Equity and Social Justice in Schoolchildren Gender inequality can easily be identified in schools by observing how students tend to micro-interact and aggregate in particular activities or groups.
• Behavioral Learning Approach and Gender-Role Behavior Individuals learn particular behaviors when influenced by various environmental factors associated with specific macro- and micro-social contexts.
• Gender Stereotypes and Misunderstanding Stereotypes predetermine a human life and a female life, in particular, explaining the approaches that can change the situation, and defining the power of stereotypes.
• Role of Gender in Society In today’s society, equality is an issue that has not been fully achieved and integrated in the society, and hence gender roles are very distinguishable
• Is Gender a Culturally or Biologically Perscribed Role? The concept of gender as a product of culture or biology has been debated and analyzed by various researchers. The result of this debate has further polarized the topic.
• Gender Equality in Britain in the 20th Century In Britain, the media through the television systems operated discussions and seminars on issues concerning gender in society.
• Gender in Sophocles’ Tragedy Antigone One such tragedy is Antigone, written by Sophocles; it features a strong female character in opposition to an oppressive, politically bound male.
• Gender and Sexuality and Their Role in Life The importance of studying the subjects of gender and sexuality should be discussed concerning their role in different aspects of people’s lives.
• Sociology of Race, Gender, Identity, and Sexuality The paper provides significant information on how such aspects as race, gender, identity, and sexuality relate to and influence society.
• Understanding Different Gender Roles and the Impact on Marketing There are traditional and nontraditional gender roles that determine how male and female models are used in commercials.
• Factors Contributing to the Gender Pay Gap in the UK The gender pay gap still exists; this essay will discuss what causes the gap and human resource strategies to eliminate the inequalities in remunerations.
• Gender Inequality and Feminism in a TV Series Gender inequality indicators measure quantifiable aspects of biases against women or men. It is the women who suffer the most from gender discrimination.
• Gender Differences in Development of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia has varied effects on men’s and women’s sexual life. These effects could be due to variances in the start of schizophrenia at different ages.
• Gender Roles in a Modern Society Throughout the history of humanity, a woman has been assigned the role of being dependent on a man and, to some extent, subordinate to him.
• Intersectionality of Race and Gender The paper states that considering the scope of the stigma that overwhelms the lives of women of different races, intersectionality continues to impose a moral struggle on women.
• How Society Influences the Gender Roles Society should reconsider some of the gender roles to close the gap and give people equal opportunities to thrive and explore.
• Gender Equality in the Media Workforce Gender equality has come a long way since what it had been 40 years ago that’s why denying the progress is pointless, as many changes were made, for the better.
• Intersectionality in Gender and Sexual Differences Intersectionality is an issue that significantly contributes to the imminent challenge among personalities in the community.
• Gender and Racial Socialization Racial and gender socialization are essential components of socialization and contain messages on behaviors unacceptable for males, females, and different racial groups.
• Gender Mainstreaming For Effective Development Of Our Company Gender mainstreaming entails assessing the effects to both men and women of any planed undertaking be it legislative, a program or policies covering all levels of development.
• Gender and Cultures in Conflict Resolution The conflict resolution measures should not solely end conflicts, but should also help to restore the fighting communities together.
• Gender Symbols Usage in International Family-Oriented Marketing The concepts of social structuring and the formation of gender symbols are considered to be the central issues of family-oriented marketing developing on the international level.
• Shifting Gender Norms in Isabel Allende’s The House of the Spirits The questions of gender equality and the role of women in family and society are central for Isabel Allende’s novel The House of the Spirits that was first published in 1982.
• The Concept of Gender Socialization and Ageism As they grow older, children are expected to soak up the information about social norms as a sponge and learn to demonstrate the appropriate reactions to other people’s actions.
• Gender Discrimination and Intervention Program It is unreasonable to believe that a single effort will absolve humankind of gender inequality. But a set of strategies may pave the way for future improvements.
• Gender Identification in Coed Dormitories Nowadays, in the dormitories of the American University, the implementation of effective policies and norms plays an important role.
• Gender, Race and Sexuality Inequalities in Society Gender is understood in broader terms in the sense that inferior races are believed to be more feminine while the perceived superior races are masculine.
• Does the Gender Pay Gap Still Exist? Although a lot of people believe that in the modern world, the gender pay gap is closing fast, in fact, the real state of things is quite the opposite–the discrepancy is as wide as it has ever been.
• Sexuality in “Love Beyond Gender” by Alysia Abbott The question of sexuality has always been an ongoing issue for human society. Sexual interest impacts the life of an individual and predetermines the choice of a partner.
• Role of Mass Media in Gender Issues This paper discusses the role of mass media in the presentation of gender and examines standards from various media sources to demonstrate how some news stories develop.
• Gender Changes in the Film “Far from Heaven” by Todd Haynes The movie “Far from Heaven” by Todd Haynes examines how and why gender has changed since the 1950s in the US. The story describes the traditional family of Whitakers living in 1957.
• Female Gender Bias in College Female gender bias in college is a current problem of the society that refers to the gender inequality issues in higher educational settings.
• Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers: Gender Roles The domination of the female gender in the cartoon Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers is presented with the expression of the males’ agreement to subject to that domination.
• Modern Issues of Gender Studies The study of gender entails consideration of men and women in the society. The subject defines the notion of gender and how society has been shaping the concept over the time.
• Untraditional Gender Roles Distribution The experiences of different cultures and family institution patterns show that gender role distribution can have various forms.
• Gender Pay Gap From Feminist Perspective Feminists are in the best position to comprehend and articulate the causes of the problems women face in society, which include the gender pay gap.
• Gender and Racial Equality Barriers in the Workplace Gender and racial bias still exist in many fields, resulting in significant turnover rates among female and black workers.
• Economic Inequality Between Genders Discussions on the problems of gender inequality have been going on for decades that’s why the difference in the earnings between men and women is called the gender pay gap.
• Gender in Traditional Superhero Costumes The traditional superhero costumes reinforce gender and sexuality by emphasizing the need for men to be well-built and the women to reveal their upper body and legs.
• Gender Inequality at Google Inc. Some percentage of women employed in Google shows that it is possible and both genders should work hard to get a job there.
• Gender Roles in Married at First Sight and Other Media Sources Every society and culture have different gender role expectations. This paper focuses on the comparison of the media sources’ assumptions about genders.
• Gender Quotas in Saudi Arabia: Unpacking the Political Conditions Talking about gender quotas and their sociology, it is interesting to take a look at the example of Saudi Arabia. It is the seemingly most unexpected place to introduce a policy.
• Gender Bias in the Aviation Industry The findings of the court of appeal in the case of Cello Diaz versus Pan American World Airways, was significant towards employment equity.
• Perkin-Gilman’s Feminist Theory and View on Gender Discrimination In “The Yellow Wallpaper”, Gilman depicts in novel structure how the house turns into a women’s jail and how being shut in could lead to mental distress in women.
• Gender Stereotyping in Audi’s Used Car Ad Audi’s Used Car Ad was chosen because it sparked outrage on Chinese social media and worldwide because of the severe misogyny and stereotyping.
• Sexism & Gender Wage Gap: Deconstructing the Myths A recent Harvard study reveals that the gender earnings gap is primarily associated with the amount of time one works.
• Gender-Related Barriers to E-commerce Adoption in the UAE The work diagnoses the problem of low E-Commerce adoption among Emirati women by identifying barriers and proposing possible strategies and tactics for removing them.
• Impact of Gender and Sexuality on Advertisement Sex, gender, and sexuality often appear in advertisements for various products. It is so because these phenomena have a robust impact on people.
• Gender Roles Within Greek Society Gender roles in Greek society were determined by social and cultural traditions, position of women in society and their significance as citizens.
• Gender Non-Conforming or Transgender Children Care The purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges to be aware of when working with gender non-conforming or transgender children and adolescents.
• Gender Roles and Psychological Health The emergence of traditional gender roles and the images of masculinity and femininity can be regarded as an attempt to organize society and create stable social structures.
• Gender Gap in Financial Literacy The presented paper studies the topic of the differences in financial knowledge between male and female undergraduate psychology students.
• Gender Studies: Feminine Men and Masculine Women Women have a vital role in society: they bring up children and ensure the comfort and psychological well-being of all the family members.
• Gender Differences in Mate Selection Gender differences influences who men and women seek to be their mates. Social, cultural and biological factors in individuals affect what they choose to be of importance, while selecting a person of interest.
• Gender Bias Issues: Types of Gender Bias in the Workplace and Their Impact on Productivity Issues of gender bias have been identified as critical in organizational theory and behavior. Today there are more calls for equal treatment of both men and women in organizations.
• Gender Equality and Women’s Rights The issue of gender equality in society has gained popularity in the course of the precedent century with the rise of the feminist movement and women’s struggle for equal rights.
• Gender Display in TV Shows, Movies and News From the television to the movies going to the news, men have always been at the forefront, eventually overshadowing women in the media industry.
• The Five-Factor Theory, Personality, and Gender Freud developed the psychosocial stages of human development. It begins at childhood to adulthood. The primary concern in his study was that people grow through various stages.
• Income Inequality Based on Gender
• Gender in the 21st Century: Fighting Dangerous Stereotypes
• The Role of Gender in Interactions via Social Media
• How Gender Norms and Stereotypes Contribute to Inequality in Society
• A Critical Analysis of Gender Dynamics in Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’
• Gender Dynamics in American Slavery
• Plato vs. Wollstonecraft on Education and Gender Relations
• Gender: Navigating State, Religion and Gender
• The Role of Gender in Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”
• Chapter 5 “Gender” of “The Family” by Cohen
• Examples of Employment Discrimination: Gender, Age, Race, & Others
• Gender Roles in Dual-Income Families
• Racial Formation and Gender Performance in “13th”
• Unveiling the Gender Gap: Feminist Theory in Sociology
• Gender: The Social Roles of Men and Women
• Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
• How Societies Construct Gender Identities, Sexual Practices, and Gendered Bodies
• The Gender-Based Pay Inequality Factors
• Gender Inequality in “The Yellow Wallpaper”, “A Rose for Emily”, and “Trifels”
• Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Characteristics of Pain in Spain
• Children and Gender: Growing Up Trans by Frontline PBS Review
• Gender and Students’ Performance
• Gender Intersectionality: Fighting Discrimination
• The Gender Pay Gap and Coping Strategies
• Gender Socialization During the First 12 Years of Life
• Heart Disease Risk Profiles and Gender Differences
• “Gender Disparity in Students’ Choices…” by Zhang et al.
• Career-Related Decision-Making and Gender Differences
• Analyzing Gender Bias in the Fire Department
• Forum: Gender and Gender Roles
• Embracing Gender Identity: Pursuing a Fulfilling and Authentic Life
• Smoking and Gender Factors of Lung Cancer
• Discussion: Race, Gender, and Science
• Gender Identity and Correctional Institutions
• Global Gender Inequality and Its Main Trends
• Gender and Sexuality in the United States History
• Gender and Race in Langston Hughes’ Poetry of the Spanish Civil War
• Gender Differences in Schizophrenia
• Shifting Gender Politics in Fashion and Textiles
• The Influence of Gender and Power Disparities on the Workplace
• Gender Equality: Language and Literature
• Gender Norms’ Impact on Men and Women
• Stereotypes of Gender Roles
• The Relationship Between Gender and GPA
• Gender Inequality for Men and Women
• Critical Areas in Women and Gender Studies
• The Types of Law Violations: Gender Effects
• Race, Sex, and Gender in Cultural Anthropology
• Gender as a Social Construct and Related Issues
• Gender Equality in Daily Life: Fictional Works Analysis
• The Gender Concept and Its Impact on Health and Wellness
• Contemporary Gender Equality Challenge
• The US History, Markets, Geography, and Gender Politics
• Gender Inequality Among Women in Canada
• Gender Equality Cannot Be a Universal Concept
• The Gender-Based Marketing and Its Negative Sides
• Importance of Gender Reveal Ultrasound
• The Gender Pay Gap Problem: Why Women Earn Less
• Age and Gender Stratification in Older Adults
• Gender Role Differences and Immigration
• Gender, Generations, and Communications
• Sexuality and Gender-Related Behavior During Adolescence
• Society’s Conception of Gender Roles in Media
• Health Care Disparities: Race and Gender
• Gender Differences and Self-Esteem in Exact Sciences
• Issues Associated With Gender and Incarceration
• The Gender Influence on the Language of Communication
• The Issue of Gender Inequality in Kenya
• Gender Stereotypes in Academic and Family Settings
• Gender Stereotype in Advertisement
• What Will Happen When AI Picks Up Social Biases About Gender?
• Gender Stereotypes Have Changed by Eagly et al.
• Housing Discrimination Across Race, Gender, and Felony History
• Racial and Gender Macroaggression in the White College Campus
• Aspects of Society in Relation to Gender and Sex
• Gender Identity Development
• Race and Gender in 17th-18th Century American Colonies
• “Glass Ceiling” in the Theory of Gender Studies
• Gender Roles in the Buddhist Culture
• Historical Review of Gender Inequality in the USA
• Gender, Sexuality, Power Relations, and Social Expectations
• Disability: Social Origin and the Role of Aging, Gender, and Race
• Ethics: Discourses of Love and Gender
• Toxic Masculinity and Gender Equality in the US
• Aspects of Parenting and Gender Roles
• Gender Inequality in Security Sector
• Telephone Culture and Role of Gender Differences
• Social Work Assignment: Gender, Money, and the Charity Organization Society
• Issues of Female Gender in Modern World
• Gender Roles in Advertisements
• Discussion of Race and Gender Identity
• Ethnicity, Race, and Gender as Social Constructs
• Gender, Philosophy, and Religion in the Axial Age
• Gender in Workplace and Induction Case Study
• Gender Ideology in the 1930s by Alice Kessler-Harris
• Women in Business and Gender Diversity Policy
• Gender and Sexual Scripts in the American Culture
• Gender Identity Evolution and Its Results
• Gender Disparity in Citations in High-Impact Journal Articles
• Social Constructs of Race and Gender
• Data, Technology, Gender, and Society
• Gender Roles in Trifles Play by Susan Glaspell
• The Labels Adolescents Use to Describe Their Gender Identity
• Discussion of Sex, Gender, and Culture
• Gender Differences in Aggression
• Gender Inequality in Social Inequality
• Fair Treatment of Both Genders and John Rawls’ Theory of Justice
• Intersection of Disability Justice, Race, and Gender
• Gender Differences in the Dream Content of Children and Adolescents
• Gender Equality Strategies in Education
• Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Citizenship
• Gender Bias During the Hiring Process
• Discussion of Gender Roles in Modern World
• Role of Gender Stereotypes in Advertising
• Absurd of Predetermined Gender Roles in Literature
• Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Leadership
• Gender Equality: Do Women Have Equal Rights?
• The Inclusivity of Language: Gender Issues
• Gender Diversity: Impact on the Organizational Performance
• Gender Stereotypes and Their Role in Advertising
• Gender Education: Sociological Review
• The Gender-Neutral Conceptualization of Parenting
• How Gender, Race, and Class Impact Criminality Levels
• Sex and Gender Equality in a Personal Worldview
• Gender Pay Gap for Women: The Main Causes
• Gender Stereotyping at Workplaces
• Researching of Gender and Work-Life Balance
• The Problem of Gender Stereotypes
• The Politics of Gender and Race in the Ilbert Bill Controversy
• Gender Pay Gap Problem Overview
• Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare
• Gender Pay Gap in the Modern Society
• Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents
• Gender, Power, Privilege, and Feminism in the USA
• Gender Impact on Societies Worldwide
• Occupational Gender Segregation and Its Causes
• Gender Equality as Smart Economics’ Policy Agenda
• Marketing and Interaction Through Social Media Platforms and Gender Inequalities
• Social Construction of Race and Gender in the United States and Brazil
• Discussion of Gender Bias in Research
• Social Construction of Gender. Sociology in Modules
• Gender Messages From Social Institutions: Family, School, and Mass Media
• Gender-Role Attitudes: Society Values & Standards
• Gender-Oriented Products: Branding and Marketing
• Role of Ideology and Institutions in Gender Inequality
• Gender and Communication in “Modern Family” by Lloyd
• Discusses of the Role of Gender in the Employment
• Culture, Gender, and Price in Consumer Behavior
• Doing Genders: Social Constructs of Gender
• Vision of Gender Stratification in an Advertisement
• Gender and Entrepreneurship Relations
• Relationship Between Gender and Death Anxiety
• Families, Gender Relations and Social Change in Brazil
• The Problems of Gender Inequality
• Implications of Current Gender Expectations
• What Makes an Ideal Society? Revolutionary Ideas for Gender Equality
• Gender Differences in Public Health
• Integration of Gender Equality in Organizational Management
• Gender Representation in American Pop Culture
• Gender Inequality Articles by Beaumont vs. Eigenberg
• Age and Gender Discrimination in the Workplace
• Evolution, Not Revolution: Gender Law and Women Rights in Saudi Arabia
• Gender Discrimination as an Ethical Issue
• Qualitative Research on the Gender Perception of E-Commerce
• “Gender Wage Gap”: The Pay Disparity Issue
• Factors that Contribute to the Housework Gender Gap
• Gender Inequality in Ohio’s Education and Labor Market
• Gender Differences in the Treatment and Outcomes of Patients With ACSs
• The Effects of Gender on Child Obesity
• Gender Pay Gap: Making Change With Civil Disobedience
• Influence of Culture and Gender on Personality Disorders Diagnosis
• Intersectionality of Religion with Gender, Race, and Class
• Gender Identity in Life-Span Development
• Gender Norms, Roles, and Stereotypes: Act Analysis
• Embracing Equality: Gender in Medieval Europe
• Gender Effect on the Growth of Nursing as a Knowledge-Based Profession
• Oppressive Gender Norms and Roles
• Intersectionality of Gender With Race, Culture, and Politics
• Representing Islam: Racial and Gender Identities
• Sex and Gender Beyond the Binaries
• Job Limitation and Gender Sensitivity
• Queer Representation of Gender and Sexual Non-Conformity
• Comparison of Gender Differences in Communication
• Gender: Do People Choose Their Sexual Orientation?
• Gender Equality: Men as Daycare Professionals
• Gender and Sexual Labeling
• Dominant Parenting Styles: Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited
• Trans Individuals’ Sexual and Gender Identities
• Household Composition and Gender Differences
• Factors of the Gender Pay Gap
• Woman and Gender Equality in Canada
• ‘Sex Under Pressure: Jerks, Boorish Behavior, and Gender Hierarchy’ by S. A. Anderson
• Challenging Gender Norms: Personal Experience
• Gender Norms in Different Cultures
• Racial and Gender Diversity in Hollywood
• Gender Issues in the Us Correctional System
• Gender Inequality in Modern Societies and Its Reasons
• Racial and Gender Issues in Modern Society
• Gender-Assigned Social Norms: Male Socialization Experiences
• Gender Identity in Athletics: “The Battle Over Title IX and Who Gets to Be a Woman in Sports”
• Hispanic Community: Alcohol & Substance Abuse Among the Female Gender Population
• Gender Stratification and Divorce Trends
• Gender, Sex, and Sexuality in the U.S.
• Gender Stigmas: From the Past to the Present
• The Impact of Gender on Pay and Their Gap
• Sociological Issues About Social Class and Poverty, Race and Ethnicity, Gender
• Ethical Dilemma of Worldwide Gender Equality
• Human Rights and Gender Issues: “The Love Suicides at Amijima” & “Tale of Kieu”
• Racial, Ethnic and Gender Categories in the U.S. Census
• “Gender and Education” by David, Ball, Davies, and Reay
• Childhood Gender Analysis: Factors Influencing Gender Perception
• Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults
• Gender Conflict in “Sweat” by Zora Neale Hurston
• Primetime TV Shows and Gender Portrayals
• Gender in Perception of Barriers to E-commerce in UAE
• Gender as a Role, Cultural and Not Biological
• Images and Messages Patterns About Gender Given by Advertisers in Mass Media
• Gender and Cultural Factors in Risky Behavior Among Adolescents in the US and Asia
• Formation of Sexual Identity, Sexual Customs and Gender Bodies
• The Role of a Gender in the Media
• Gender & Politics in Post- Modernist Society
• Gender Representation: Term Definition
• Identities, Gender & Sexuality: Linguistic Anthropology
• What Ideas About Gender & Sexuality Are Communicated by Contemporary Fashion Images?
• Gender Ideology in the U.S. and Japan
• Transnationalism Issues: Migration and Gender
• Representation of Australian Indigenous Sex and Gender
• Gender Construction and Heterosexism
• Gender Socialization of Children
• The Issue of Gender Pay Discrimination in Canada
• Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms
• Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: An Etiquette Without Gender Discrimination Terms
• Religious and Biological Approaches of Gender and Nature
• Interrelation of Gender and Contemporary Society: Madonna
• Communicative Features of Gender-Neutral Language
• The Problem of Gender Identity Disorder
• Leadership and Gender Relations Analysis
• The Importance of Gender in Marketing
• Female Gender and Changes over the Last 150 Years
• Gender Hierarchy in English Language
• Gender Inequality in Democratic Welfare States
• Misconceptions of Gender and Migration Issues
• Gender, Race and Class in American Television
• Advertising and Gender Roles
• Development of Voting Rights of Religious, Socioeconomic Groups, Gender, and Racial Minorities
• Gender Question in O’Connor and Williams’ Novels
• Race and Gender: Dimensions of Power
• Gender and Sexuality in “The Exorcist” Film
• Gender as a Social Process: Theoretical Foundation
• Race and Gender in Public Relations
• Discrimination Against Racial and Gender Minorities
• Gender Differences in Financial Knowledge
• Value of Genders in Society: Agents of Socialization
• Gender Stereotyping in American Media
• Gender and the Rights of Women in Morocco and Saudi Arabia
• Gender in the Saudi Arabian Educational Setting
• Gender Norm Violation Study: Evaluating Impact on the Society
• Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the European Union
• Gender Studies. “A Cyborg Manifesto” by Haraway
• Gender Issues and the U.S. Constitutional Law: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes et al.
• Race and Gender in Public Relations Field
• Gender Discrimination Topic for Research
• Gender Pay Gap as a Serious Social Issue
• Gender Equality in Jackson’s “The Lottery”
• Gender Stereotypes of the US Women
• Gender Stereotypes: Data Presentation Strategy
• Data Analysis Proposal: Gender Stereotypes
• Gender Stereotypes: Research Question
• Issue of Gender Discrimination in Different Societies
• Gender Roles and Social Groups
• Social Experiment: Informal Norms of Gender Issues
• Gender Studies: The Queer of Color Theory
• Narration and Gender: Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge, Burney’s Evelina, Winterson’s Sexing the Cherry
• Diversity and Society: Race, Ethnicity and Gender
• The Gender Stereotypes in the Workplace
• Gender Identities Within the Farm Family
• Rethinking Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination
• Preventative Care Depending on Age and Gender
• Gender Differences in Managerial Behavior
• Gender-Based Social Responsibilities and Structure
• Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Children
• Community Health Status: Development, Gender, Genetics
• Gender Stereotypes in Family: Research Methods
• Male Gender Role in the Chinese Workplace
• Homonationalism and Gender Identity in Catholicism
• Global Sense: Female Leadership and Gender Equity
• Gender-Based Discrimination during Surgical Training
• Gender Inequality as an International Issue
• The Fifth Element: Gender and Sexuality in Cinema
• Gender Studies and Feminization in Education
• Gender Stereotyping in Athletic Management
• Gender Roles in “Herland” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
• Emotion Perception and Gender Factor in Stress
• Gender Stereotypes in Families: Parents’ Gender Roles and Children’s Aspirations
• Gender Stereotypes Formation in Children
• Parents’ Gender Roles and Children’s Aspirations
• ANOVA Research: Person’s Gender and Level of Education
• Gender Stereotypes Developed Within Families: Croft et al.’s Study
• Gender Stereotypes in Families: Parental Influence on an Adolescent’s Career Choice
• Sexism and Gender: Culture and Conflict Reflection
• Pauli Murray’s Advocacy for Civil and Gender Rights
• Gender Stereotypes’ Effects Career and Mental Health
• Gender Mainstreaming of European Union Institutions
• Gender in Fiction and Sociological Literature
• Gender Stereotyping among Children
• Women’s Views on Long-Existing Gender Stereotypes
• Racial Gender Inequality in the United States
• Analyzing Promotion Status and Gender of Applicants
• Women’s Stereotypes of Gender Roles Distribution
• Gender Stereotypes in Women’s Opinion Study
• Exploring Gender Differences: Causes, Perceptions, and Stereotypes
• Gender in Arab Politics, State and Business
• Gender Discrimination and Equality Promotion at Work
• Gender-Neutral Schools in Sweden
• Gender Stereotyping Experiment: The Level of Gender Stereotyping in Society
• Sex, Gender, and Inequalities
• Gender Dysphoria: Classification, Causes and Treatment
• Women in Politics: Overcoming Gender Inequality in India and Iran
• Gender-Neutral Upbringing: Reasonable and Possible?
• Analyzing Gender Through Freud’s Psychoanalytic Lens
• Gender Studies: Same-Sex Marriage
• Gender Bias in the Workplace Environment
• Gender Roles in Cartoons
• Role of Gender in Cartoons and Commercials
• Gender is a Role, not a Biological Sex, and it is Cultural
• Articles on Gender, its Development, and Cultural Aspects
• Theoretical Foundation of Gender as a Culturally-Prescribed Role
• Gender Studies: Feminism Varieties
• Understanding Human Rights: Labor Rights in a Globalizing World and Gender Rights
• Gender Identity: Promotion of Equality for Sexual Orientation
• Global Inequality: Gender, Racial and Ethnic Inequality
• Gender Studies: Same Sex Marriages
• Are Females the Only Gender Discriminated Against?
• Are Gender Roles and Relationships More Equal in Modern Family Life?
• What Are Examples of Gender Issues?
• What Are the Main Issues of Gender Equality?
• What Are Examples of Gender Inequality?
• Are Gender Roles Damaging Society?
• Why Does Gender Stratification Exist?
• How Has the Representation of Gender Changed in Coca-Cola Adverts From the 1940s to the Present Day?
• How Gender Roles Has Changed Over the Last Centuries?
• How Can We Solve Gender Problems?
• How Is Gender a Development Issue?
• What Are the Issues and Concerns of Gender in Terms of Education?
• How Does Your Race, Religion, Nationality, Gender, Culture and Family Define You?
• What Are the Emerging Issues and Challenges Concerning Gender?
• What Are the Gender Issues in the Philippines?
• How Does Graham Greene Explore Gender Representation in Brighton Rock?
• What Is the Difference Between Sex and Gender?
• Does Men’s Fashion Reflect Changes in Male Gender Roles?
• Does Mulan Overthrow Oppressive Gender Norms?
• Is Gender Diversity Good for Business?
• What Does Gender Representation Mean?
• Did the First World War Represent an Irrevocable Crisis of Gender in the UK?
• How Is Gender Represented in Advertisements?
• What Are the Stages of Gender Transition?
• Can Additional Training Help Close the ADHD Gender Gap?
• Are Gender Stereotypes Perpetuated in Children’s Magazines?
• Are Gender Roles Defined by Society or by Genetics?
• What Are the Three Gender Identities?
• What Is Gender Identity and Why Is It Important?
• How Does Bullying Affect People Based on Gender or Race?
• Women’s Rights in Conflict Zones
• The Role of Women in STEM Fields
• Prevalence of Violence against Women in the US
• Strategies for Equality in Leadership and Politics
• How Can Women Achieve Work-Life Balance?
• Women’s Empowerment and Economic Development
• Gender-Related Factors Influencing Women’s Earnings
• Healthcare Access, Quality, and Reproductive Rights of Women
• Gender Stereotypes’ Impact on Women’s Opportunities
• The Overlapping Identities and Challenges of Diverse Women.
• Intersectionality and Experiences of Gender
• The Struggle for Equality and LGBTQ+ Rights
• Comparison of Gender-Specific Challenges and Stigmas
• Strategies for the Elimination of Gender Wage Gap
• How Access to Healthcare Relates to Reproductive Justice
• Why Are Women Underrepresented in Positions of Power?
• Toxic Masculinity and its Harmful Effects on Men and Society
• Gender Disparities and Promotion of Inclusivity in Schools
• The Influence of Culture and Media on Gender Roles and Socialization
• Gender Discrimination, Harassment, and Bias in the Workplace

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StudyCorgi. (2021, September 9). 569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/gender-essay-topics/

"569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender." StudyCorgi , 9 Sept. 2021, studycorgi.com/ideas/gender-essay-topics/.

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StudyCorgi . "569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/gender-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/gender-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Gender were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 22, 2024 .

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• Top 10 LL.M. Programs for Gender Law

Top 10 LL.M. Programs for Gender Law 2024

In recent decades, there’s been a growing recognition of the pervasive inequalities embedded within societal structures. At the forefront of this evolution is the field of gender law, which critically examines the intersection of law, policy and gender dynamics to address systemic injustices and promote equality for all individuals, irrespective of gender identity or expression.

And many law schools worldwide now offer LL.M. courses in gender law and related areas such as gender justice, which can help students get to grips with the complex legal frameworks that shape gender relations and influence access to rights and opportunities. Below, we’ve listed 10 of the best LL.M. options for those students who are passionate about gender law. 

In compiling this list, we considered several factors including faculty expertise, the strength of the curriculum, hands-on learning opportunities, and the reputation of the law school.

Columbia’s LL.M. program benefits from links to the law school’s Center for Gender and Sexuality Law, featuring leading experts and practical experiences. The center’s mission is to formulate new approaches to complex issues facing gender and sexual justice movements. It provides strong connections to advocacy organizations and provides networking opportunities for LL.M. students.

Harvard offers an LL.M. course on Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation and the Law, led by renowned faculty. The course explores the ways in which the law intersects with gender identity and sexual orientation, and LL.M. students CAN engage in impactful research and advocacy initiatives.

Georgetown Law has a long tradition of feminism and gender studies, expertise which is incorporated into the school’s LL.M. program. Students interested in these areas can gain hands-on training in clinics focused on domestic violence and women’s human rights. Located in D.C., Georgetown students benefit from unique access to policymakers and international organizations.

One key study area for LL.M. students at NYU Law is Family, Gender and Sexuality, providing them with a deep dive into critical legal issues. The course benefits from NYU’s vibrant campus culture and extensive network of alumni in the field, while there are also opportunities to get involved in clinics, such as LGBTQ Rights Clinic, and the Reproductive Justice Clinic.

Stanford LL.M. students can take a course called Gender, Law and Public Policy, which covers topics such employment, education, family, reproductive rights and sexual harassment. Stanford’s interdisciplinary approach and global perspective can provide a rich learning environment for students passionate about gender justice.

The LSE in London offers the Sexuality, Gender and Culture course for LL.M. students, looking into the development of sexual cultures, identities and social movements stretching back to the 19th century. The course offers an international perspective, and students may engage with leading scholars and policymakers.

ANU offers the Gender, Law and Development course for LL.M. students, examining issues such as women’s rights, gender inequality, and the impact of legal frameworks on social, economic and political opportunities. Situated in Australia’s capital, students have access to government institutions, NGOs, and international organizations working on gender issues, offering valuable opportunities for research and practical experience.

University of Cape Town offers the Sexual Offences and the Law course for LL.M. students, focusing on legal issues affecting marginalized groups in South Africa and beyond. With a diverse faculty and strong emphasis on social justice, students engage in critical analysis and advocacy efforts aimed at promoting gender equality and LGBTQ+ rights in Africa and the global community.

Warwick in the UK offers the LL.M. in International Development Law and Human Rights, which focuses on gender justice and other issues pertaining to development and human rights. Warwick’s interdisciplinary approach draws from law, politics and international relations, providing a holistic understanding of gender law within various contexts.

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Violence Against Women Act Celebrates 30th Anniversary

Today, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Council on Combating Gender-Based Violence (CCGBV) and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA). This landmark legislation is one of the first comprehensive federal responses to addressing and preventing gender-based violence (GBV) in the United States, and specifically acknowledges the unique barriers that noncitizens victims of GBV face when trying to seek safety and assistance.

DHS is proud to support implementation of VAWA and its subsequent reauthorizations over the past 30 years, and to help prevent abusers and perpetrators of crime from exploiting a victim’s immigration status as way to maintain power and control. VAWA self-petitions allow noncitizen victims the ability to seek legal immigration status without having to remain in abusive relationships with a U.S citizen or legal permanent resident abuser. When VAWA was reauthorized in 2000, it included the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, which strengthened and improved protections for noncitizen survivors by establishing T visas for victims of human trafficking and U visas for victims of certain qualifying crimes like domestic violence, sexual assault, rape and other forms of GBV. These programs have helped thousands of noncitizen victims of GBV gain independence and security.

In 2021, Secretary Mayorkas directed DHS components, including USCIS, to incorporate a victim-centered approach into all policies, programs, and activities governing DHS interactions with victims of crime. This approach requires agencies to make every effort to minimize additional trauma to victims and improve access to immigration benefits and related protections.

The Council on Combating Gender-Based Violence and USCIS have implemented several initiatives since that Directive to ensure victims who encounter or are served by DHS programs, activities, and policies can support themselves and their families. Notably, over the last year, the Department:

Published a new final rule for T Visas. In 2024, USCIS improved access to protections and stabilized benefits for eligible victims of human trafficking through a final rule that clarifies eligibility and application requirements for T nonimmigrant status, including provisions to reduce potential barriers to victims; implements a modified bona fide determination process; and enables USCIS officers to adjudicate victims’ applications more efficiently. This final rule also improves the program’s integrity by clarifying the reporting and evidentiary requirements for victims of human trafficking, which will help law enforcement act on reports of suspected trafficking.

Implemented policy updates to support victim safety, autonomy, and expansion of customer service. In 2024, USCIS established specialized identity verification procedures to enhance victims’ customer service opportunities with USCIS. VAWA/T/U benefit seekers may now submit inquiries or request a service by calling the USCIS Contact Center or sending a secure message from their myUSCIS online account. USCIS also implemented new guidance on mailing address procedures to ensure VAWA/T/U benefit seekers receive correspondence from USCIS in a timely manner and can control which address USCIS uses for their cases. USCIS drafted new policy to expand access to customer service and online tools for those who previously filed VAWA/T/U benefits and subsequently naturalized. The policy explains that confidentiality provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1367 terminate upon naturalization thus allowing previously protected persons access to customer service and online tools.

Developed resources combating gender-based violence. In 2023, the CCGBV developed and disseminated informational resources to combat GBV, including a CCGBV webpage that provides information about GBV, links to public resources and information about immigration options for survivors, and access to GBV flyers in 11 languages that describe forms of GBV and explain how to find confidential help.

Published a student toolkit on GBV. In the Fall of 2024, the CCGBV and the Department of Education will publish a student toolkit on GBV for international students attending colleges and universities in the United States. The toolkit provides an overview of GBV and information about specific types of GBV, including domestic or dating violence, sex-based harassment, stalking, online harassment and abuse, forced marriage, female genital mutilation/cutting, and human trafficking. It also has information about how GBV may affect students’ studies, immigration options for students who have experienced certain types of GBV, ways to report GBV and where international students can seek help if they witness or experience GBV.

Created a DHS Indigenous Languages Plan. In 2024, DHS drafted its first ever DHS Indigenous Languages Plan to strengthen language access for Indigenous migrants from Latin America who participate in DHS programs and activities. As part of this effort, CRCL also worked to identify language access considerations for women and girls. This plan, which marks a significant milestone in advancing language access at DHS, directly supports the focus of the Violence Against Women Act by reducing language barriers for victims seeking support. On this anniversary, DHS and USCIS reaffirm our commitment to combating all forms of GBV, including domestic violence, sexual violence, stalking, forced marriage, female genital mutilation or cutting, and more. Visit the Combating Gender-Based Violence webpage and follow DHS on Facebook, Instagram and X (formerly Twitter) for updates on our work on GBV and other important issues.

• Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
• Gender-Based Violence (GBV)
• Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties (CRCL)
• U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)