core c programming programming assignment chapter 6

 Video 5.0. Introduction to Programming in C

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 return(M);
}

  M = 1664525*M+1013904223;
  return(M);

End of statement

Defines a label

Separates elements of a list

Start and end of a parameter list

Start and stop of a compound statement

Start and stop of a array index

Start and stop of a string

Start and stop of a character constant

Data type

C99 Data type

Precision

Range

8-bit unsigned

0 to +255

8-bit signed

-128 to +127

compiler-dependent

compiler-dependent

16-bit unsigned

0 to +65535

16-bit signed

-32768 to +32767

unsigned 32-bit

0 to 4294967295L

signed 32-bit

-2147483648L to 2147483647L

32-bit float

±10-38 to ±10+38 

64-bit float

±10-308 to ±10+308

Assignment statement

Equal to comparison

Selection

Less than or equal to

Less than

Greater than or equal to

Greater than

Not equal to

Logical not (true to false, false to true)

Shift left

1’s complement

Shift right

Addition

Increment

Subtraction

Decrement

Multiply or pointer reference

Boolean and

Divide

Boolean or

Modulo, division remainder

Add value to

Logical or

Subtract value to

Logical and, or address of

Multiply value to

Logical exclusive or

Divide value to

Used to access parts of a structure

Or value to

And value to

Exclusive or value to

Shift value left

Shift value right

Modulo divide value to

Pointer to a structure

Precedence

Operators

Associativity

Highest

  (postfix)  (postfix)

Left to right

(prefix)   (prefix)   (type) (unary)

  (unary)   (address)   (dereference)

Right to left

Left to right

Left to right

Left to right

Left to right

Left to right

Left to right

Left to right

Left to right

Left to right

Left to right

Right to left

Right to left

Lowest

Left to right

Program 5.7. A function with two inputs and one output.

To specify the absence of a parameter we use the expression void . The body of a function consists of a statement that performs the work. Normally the body is a compound statement between a {} pair. If the function has a return parameter, then all exit points must specify what to return.

Checkpoint 5.7 : What does it mean to say a function as one input parameter?

Checkpoint 5.8 : What does it mean to say a function as one output parameter?

5.5 Conditional branching and loops

In Program 5.8 we will introduce a simple conditional control structure. Assume the global variable error is initialized to zero. The goal is to make sure the function is being used properly. An effective software design approach is to test the input parameters of a function to make sure the values make sense. An unsigned long can represent a number up to 4 billion. Clearly the system is not operating properly if we are trying to calculate the size of a room with 4 billion meter sides. In this case, we define the largest possible room to have a side of 25 meters.  The expression s<=25 will return true if the side is less than or equal to 25 and will return a false if the side is strictly greater than 25. The statement immediately following the if will be executed if the condition is true . The statement immediately following the else will be executed if the condition is false .

unsigned long error; // Calculates area // Input:  side of a room (unsigned long) // Output: area of the room (unsigned long) // Notes: ... unsigned long Calc_Area(unsigned long s) {   unsigned long result;   if(s <= 25){     result = s*s;   }else{     result = 0; // mistake     error = error +1;   }   return(result); }

Program 5.8. Simple program illustrating the C if else control structure.

The goal in program 5.9 is to test the Calc_Area function. Like the if statement, the while statement has a conditional test (i.e., returns a true/false). The statement immediately following the while will be executed over and over until the conditional test becomes false.

int main(void) {   unsigned long side; // room wall meters   unsigned long area; // size squared meters   UART_Init();  // call subroutine to initialize the uart   printf("This program calculates areas of square-shaped rooms\n");   side = 1;   while(side < 50){     area = Calc_Area(side);     printf("\nArea of the room with side of %ld m is %ld sqr m\n",side,area);     side = side+1;   } }

Program 5.9. Simple program illustrating the C while control structure.

The for control structure has three parts and a body.

     for(part1;part2;part3){body;}

In Program 5.10, the first part side=1 is executed once at the beginning. Before the body is executed, the end-condition part 2 is executed. If the condition is true , side<50 then the body is executed. After the body is executed, the third part is executed, side=side+1 . The second part is always a conditional that results in a true or a false . The body and third part are repeated until the conditional is false .

int main(void) {   unsigned long side; // room wall meters   unsigned long area; // size squared meters   UART_Init();  // call subroutine to initialize the uart   printf("This program calculates areas of square-shaped rooms\n");   for(side = 1; side < 50; side = side+1){     area = Calc_Area(side);     printf("\nArea of the room with side of %ld m is %ld sqr m\n",side,area);   } }

Program 5.10. Simple program illustrating the C for-loop control structure.

                     Video 5.5 . if-then conditional and while loop

Although C is a free field language, notice how the indenting has been added to programs in this book. The purpose of this indenting is to make the program easier to read. On the other hand since C is a free field language, the following two statements are quite different

if(n1>100) n2=100; n3=0; if(n1>100) {n2=100; n3=0;}

In both cases n2=100; is executed if n1>100. In the first case the statement n3=0; is always executed, while in the second case n3=0; is executed only if n1>100.

5.6 Keyboard input using scanf

  //**** 0. Documentation Section //  This program calculates the area of square shaped rooms //  Author: Ramesh Yerraballi & Jon Valvano //  Date: 6/28/2013 // // 1. Pre-processor Directives Section #include <stdio.h>  // Diamond braces for sys lib: Standard I/O #include "uart.h"   // Quotes for user lib: UART lib // 2. Global Declarations section // global variable unsigned long error; // Function Prototypes // Compiler aid for "type checking" void Initialize(void); unsigned long Calc_Area(unsigned long s); // Says Calc_Area expects             // an unsigned long and returns an unsigned long        // 3. Subroutines Section // MAIN: Mandatory routine for a C program to be executable int main(void) {   unsigned long side; // room wall meters   unsigned long area; // size squared meters   UART_Init();  // call subroutine to initialize the uart   Initialize();    printf("This program calculates areas of square-shaped rooms\n");   while(side != 0){     printf("Give room side(zero to quit):");     scanf("%ld", &side);     area = Calc_Area(side);     if(area != 0){       printf("\nArea with side of %ld m is %ld sqr m\n",side,area);     } else {       printf("\n Size cannot exceed 25 meters\n");     }   }   printf("Goodbye (Mistake count = %ld\n", error); } // Initialize global // Inputs: none // Outputs: none // Notes: void Initialize(void){   error = 0; } // Calculates area // Input:  side of a room (unsigned long) // Output: area of the room (unsigned long) // Notes: ... unsigned long Calc_Area(unsigned long s) {   unsigned long result;   if(s <= 25){     result = s*s;   }else{     result = 0; // mistake     error = error +1;   }   return(result);   } Program 5.11. Software to calculate the area of a square room.

                     Video 5.6 . scanf for getting user input and Debugging

5.7 C Keywords and Punctuation

C has predefined tokens, called keywords , which have specific meaning in C programs, as listed in Table 5.6. This section describes keywords and punctuation.

 Table 5.6. Keywords have predefined meanings.

The volatile  keyword disables compiler optimization, forcing the compiler to fetch a new value each time. We will use volatile  when defining I/O ports because the value of ports can change outside of software action. We will also use volatile  when sharing a global variable between the main program and an interrupt service routine. It is a good programming practice not to use these keywords for your variable or function names.

Punctuation marks  are very important in C. It is one of the most frequent sources of errors for both beginning and experienced programmers.

Semicolons  are used as statement terminators. Strange and confusing syntax errors may be generated when you forget a semicolon, so this is one of the first things to check when trying to remove syntax errors. Notice that one semicolon is placed at the end of every simple statement in Program 5.12. When executed, the function Step will output the pattern 10, 9, 5, 6 to Port D. The #define statement creates a substitution rule, such that every instance of STEPPER in the program is replaces with  (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x4000703C)) .

#define STEPPER (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x4000703C))

void Step(void){

   STEPPER = 10;

   STEPPER = 9;

   STEPPER = 5;

   STEPPER = 6;

Program 5.12. Semicolons are used to separate one statement from the next.

Preprocessor directives do not end with a semicolon since they are not actually part of the C language proper. Preprocessor directives begin in the first column with the # and conclude at the end of the line. Program 5.13 will fill the array DataBuffer with data read from the input Port A. We assume in this example that Port A has been initialized as an input. Notice that semicolons are used to separate the three fields of the for loop statement.

unsigned char DataBuffer[100];

#define GPIO_PORTA_DATA_R  (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x400043FC))

void Fill(void){ long j;

   for(j=0; j<100; j++){

    DataBuffer[j] = GPIO_PORTA_DATA_R ;

   }

Program 5.13. Semicolons are used to separate three fields of the for statement.

Colons terminate case , and default  prefixes that appear in switch  statements. In Program 5.14 one output to the stepper motor produced each time the function OneStep is called. The proper stepper motor sequence is 10–9–5–6. The default case is used to restart the pattern. For both applications of the colon (goto and switch), we see that a label is created that is a potential target for a transfer of control. Notice the use of colons in Program 5.14.

unsigned char Last=10;

void OneStep(void){

unsigned char theNext;

  switch(Last){

    case 10: theNext = 9; break;   // 10 to 9

    case 9: theNext = 5;  break;   // 9 to 5

    case 5: theNext = 6;  break;   // 5 to 6

    case 6: theNext = 10; break;   // 6 to 10

    default: theNext = 10;

  GPIO_PORTD_DATA_R = theNext;

  Last = theNext;   // set up for next call

Program 5.14. Colons are also used with the switch statement.

Commas  separate items that appear in lists. We can create multiple variables of the same type using commas.

unsigned short beginTime,endTime,elapsedTime;

Lists are also used with functions having multiple parameters, both when the function is defined and called. Program 5.15 adds two 16-bit signed numbers, implementing ceiling and floor. Notice the use of commas in Program 5.15.

short add(short x, short y){ short z;

  z = x+y;

  if((x>0)&&(y>0)&&(z<0))z = 32767;

  if((x<0)&&(y<0)&&(z>0))z = -32768;

  return(z);

void main(void){ short a,b;

  a = add(2000,2000)

  b = 0

  while(1){

    b = add(b,1);

Program 5.15. Commas separate the parameters of a function.

Lists can also be used in general expressions. Sometimes it adds clarity to a program if related variables are modified at the same place. The value of a list of expressions is always the value of the last expression in the list. In the following example, first thetime is incremented, next thedate is decremented, and then x is set to k+2 .

X = (thetime++, thedate--, k+2);

Apostrophes  are used to specify character literals. Assuming the function OutChar will display a single ASCII character, Program 5.16 will display the lower case alphabet.

void Alphabet(void){ unsigned char mych;

  for(mych='a'; mych<='z'; mych++){

    OutChar(mych); // Print next letter

  }     

Program 5.16. Apostrophes are used to specify characters.

Quotation marks  are used to specify string literals. Strings are stored as a sequence of ASCII characters followed by a termination code, 0. Program 5.17 will display “Hello World” twice.

const unsigned char Msg[]= "Hello World"; // string constant

void OutString(const unsigned char str[]){ int i;

  i = 0;

  while(str[i]){     // output until the 0 termination

    OutChar(str[i]); // Print next letter

    i = i+1;

void PrintHelloWorld(void){

  OutString("Hello World");

  OutString(Msg);

Program 5.17. Quotation marks are used to specify strings.

Braces  {} are used throughout C programs. The most common application is for creating a compound statement. Each open brace { must be matched with a closing brace }. Notice the use of indenting helps to match up braces. Each time an open brace is used, the source code is tabbed over using 2 spaces. In this way, it is easy to see at a glance the brace pairs.

Square brackets  enclose array dimensions (in declarations) and subscripts (in expressions).

Parentheses  enclose argument lists that are associated with function declarations and calls. They are required even if there are no arguments. As with all programming languages, C uses parentheses to control the order in which expressions are evaluated. Thus, (11+3)/2 yields 7, whereas 11+3/2 yields 12. Parentheses are very important when writing expressions.

5.8. Chapter 5 Quiz

5.1 Match the punctuation with its meaning

;     sEnd of statement

:     Defines a label

,     Separates elements of a list

( )   Start and end of a parameter list

{ }   Start and stop of a compound statement

[ ]   Start and stop of a array index

" "   Start and stop of a string

' '   Start and stop of a character constant

5.2 Match the variable type with its minimum and maximum value

5.3 Match the variable type with its precision

5.4 Are the variables side and area local or global?   

5.5 The goal is to return true if and only if the input is a number between 0x30 and 0x39.   

long CheckInput(long input) {   if(( Input xxx 0x30) yyy (Input zzz 0x39)){

    return 1;

  } else{

    return 0; // false

a) What C code do you need to place in the xxx position of the program?  

b) What C code do you need to place in the yyy position of the program?  

c) What C code do you need to place in the zzz position of the program?  

Reprinted with approval from Embedded Systems: Introduction to ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers , 2014, ISBN: 978-1477508992, http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/arm/outline1.htm

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C while and do...while Loop

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Programming Essentials in C: Chapter 6 Assignment (CLA) Exam Answers

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1. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

• the program outputs nul
• compilation fails
• the program outputs NULL
• the program outputs 0

2. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

• the program outputs an unpredictable value
• the compilation fails

3. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

• the program outputs 1
• the program outputs 2

4. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

5. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

6. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

• compilations fails

7. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

8. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

9. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

10. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

• the program outputs 3

11. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

12. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

13. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

14. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

15. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

16. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

17. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

18. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

19. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

20. What happens if you try to compile and run this program?

quiz answers are not available which is been asked after completion of module

Answer plzz

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C Cheat Sheet

This C Cheat Sheet provides an overview of both basic and advanced concepts of the C language. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced programmer, this cheat sheet will help you revise and quickly go through the core principles of the C language.

In this Cheat Sheet, we will delve into the basics of the C language, exploring its fundamental concepts that lay the groundwork for programming. We will cover topics such as variables, data types, and operators, providing you with a solid understanding of the building blocks of C programming .

Basic Syntax

Consider the below Hello World program:

• #include <stdio.h>: The header file inclusion to use printf() function.
• int main(): The main() function is the entry point of any C program.
• printf(“Hello World”): Function to print hello world.
• return 0: Value returned by the main() function.

A variable is the name given to the memory location that stores some data.

Syntax of Variable

A variable can be of the following types:

• Local Variable
• Global Variable
• Static Variable
• Extern Variable
• Auto Variable
• Register Variable

Note: There are a few rules which we have to follow while naming a variable.

The data type is the type of data that a given variable can store. Different data types have different sizes. There are 3 types of data types in C:

• Basic Data Types
• Derived Data Types
• User Defined Data Types

1. Basic Data Types

Basic data types are built-in in the C programming language and are independent of any other data type. There are x types of basic data types in C:

• char: Used to represent characters.
• int: Used to represent integral numbers.
• float: Used to represent decimal numbers up to 6-7 precision digits.
• double: Used to represent decimal numbers up to 15 precision digits.
• void: Used to represent the valueless entity.

Example of Basic Data Types

The size of these basic data types can be modified using data type modifiers which are:

Example of Data Type Modifiers

2. Derived Data Types

Derived data types are derived from the basic data types. There are 2 derived data types in C:

3. User-Defined Data Types

The user-defined data types are the data types that are defined by the programmers in their code.  There are 3 user-defined data types in C:

• Enumeration

Identifiers

Identifiers is the name given to the variables, functions, structure, etc. Identifiers should follow the following set of rules:

• A variable name must only contain alphabets, digits, and underscore.
• A variable name must start with an alphabet or an underscore only. It cannot start with a digit.
• No whitespace is allowed within the variable name.
• A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword.

Example of Identifiers

Keywords are the reserved words that have predefined meanings in the C compiler. They cannot be used as identifiers.

Example of Keywords

Basic input and output.

The basic input and output in C are done using two <stdio.h> functions namely scanf() and print() respectively.

Basic Output – print()

The printf() function is used to print the output on the standard output device which is generally the display screen.

Syntax of printf()

• formatted-string: String to be printed. It may contain format specifiers, escape sequences, etc.
• arguments-list: It is the list of data to be printed.

Basic Input – scanf()

The scanf() function is used to take input from the standard input device such as the keyboard.

Syntax of scanf()

• formatted-string: String that describes the format of the input.
• address-of-arguments-list: It is the address list of the variables where we want to store the input.

Example of Input and Output

Format Specifiers

Format specifiers are used to describe the format of input and output in formatted string. It is different for different data types. It always starts with %

The following is the list of some commonly used format specifiers in C:

Escape Sequence

Escape sequences are the characters that are used to represent those characters that cannot by represented normally. They start with ( \ ) backslash and can be used inside string literals.

The below table list some commonly used escape sequences:

Operators are the symbols that are used to perform some kind of operation. Operators can be classified based on the type of operation they perform.

There are the following types of operators in C:

Conditional Statements

Conditional statements are used to execute some block of code based on whether the given condition is true. There are the following conditional statements in C:

1. if Statement

if statement contains a block of code that will be executed if and only if the given condition is true.

Syntax of if

2. if-else Statements

The if-else statement contains the else block in addition to the if block which will be executed if the given condition is false.

Syntax if-else

3. if-else-if Ladder

The if-else-if ladder is used when we have to test multiple conditions and for each of these conditions, we have a separate block of code.

Syntax of if-else-if

4. switch Case Statement

The switch case statement is an alternative to the if-else-if ladder that can execute different blocks of statements based on the value of the single variable named switch variable.

Syntax of switch

5. Conditional Operator

The conditional operator is a kind of single-line if-else statement that tests the condition and executes the true and false statements.

Syntax of Conditional Operator

Example of Conditional Statements

Loops are the control statements that are used to repeat some block of code till the specified condition is false. There are 3 loops in C:

1. for Loop

The for loop is an entry-controlled loop that consists initialization, condition, and updating as a part of itself.

Syntax of for

2. while Loop

The while loop is also an entry-controlled loop but only the condition is the part of is syntax.

Syntax of while

3. do-while Loop

The do-while loop is an exit-controlled loop in which the condition is checked after the body of the loop.

Syntax of do-while

Jump Statements

Jump statements are used to override the normal control flow of the program. There are 3 jump statements in C:

1. break Statement

It is used to terminate the loop and bring the program control to the statements after the loop.

Syntax of break

It is also used in the switch statement.

2. continue Statement

The continue statement skips the current iteration and moves to the next iteration when encountered in the loop.

Syntax of continue

3. goto Statement

The goto statement is used to move the program control to the predefined label.

Syntax of goto

Example of Loops and Jump Statements

An array is a fixed-size homogeneous collection of items stored at a contiguous memory location. It can contain elements from type int, char, float, structure, etc. to even other arrays.

• Array provides random access using the element index.
• Array size cannot change.
• Array can have multiple dimensions in which it can grow.

Syntax of Arrays

Example of arrays.

Strings are the sequence of characters terminated by a ‘\0’ NULL character. It is stored as the array of characters in C.

Syntax of Strings

Example of strings.

C String Functions

C language provides some useful functions for string manipulation in <string.h> header file. Some of them are as follows:

Pointers are the variables that store the address of another variable. They can point to any data type in C

Syntax of Pointers

Note: The addressof (&) operator is used to get the address of a variable.

We can dereference (access the value pointed by the pointer) using the same * operator.

Example of Pointers

There are different types of pointers based on different classification parameters. Some of them are:

• Double Pointers
• Function Pointers
• Structure Pointers
• NULL Pointers
• Dangling Pointers
• Wild Pointers

Functions are the block of statements enclosed within { } braces that perform some specific task. They provide code reusability and modularity to the program.

Function Syntax is divided into three parts:

1. Function Prototype

It tells the compiler about the existence of the function.

• Return Type: It is the type of optional value returned by the function. Only one value can be returned.
• Parameters: It is the data passed to the function by the caller.

2. Function Definition

It contains the actual statements to be executed when the function is called.

3. Function Call

Calls the function by providing arguments. A function call must always be after either function definition or function prototype.

Example of Function

Type of Function

A function can be of 4 types based on return value and parameters:

• Function with no return value and no parameters.
• Function with no return value and parameters.
• Function with return value and no parameters.
• Function with return value and parameters.

There is another classification of function in which there are 2 types of functions:

• Library Functions
• User-Defined Functions

Dynamic Memory Management

Dynamic memory management allows the programmer to allocate the memory at the program’s runtime. The C language provides four <stdlib.h> functions for dynamic memory management which are malloc(), calloc(), realloc() and free().

1. malloc()

The malloc() function allocates the block of a specific size in the memory. It returns the void pointer to the memory block. If the allocation is failed, it returns the null pointer.

2. calloc()

The calloc() function allocates the number of blocks of the specified size in the memory. It returns the void pointer to the memory block. If the allocation is failed, it returns the null pointer.

3. realloc()

The realloc() function is used to change the size of the already allocated memory. It also returns the void pointer to the allocated memory.

The free function is used to deallocate the already allocated memory.

Example of Dynamic Memory Allocation

A structure is a user-defined data type that can contain items of different types as its members. In C, struct keyword is used to declare structures and we can use ( . ) dot operator to access structure members.

Structure Template

To use structure, we first have to define its template.

Structure Variable Syntax

Example of structure.

A union is also a user-defined data type that can contain elements of different types. However, unlike structure, a union stores its members in a shared memory location rather than having separate memory for each member.

Syntax of Union

Union members can be accessed using dot operator ( . ) but only one member can store the data at a particular instance in time.

Example of Union

Enumeration (enum)

Enumeration, also known as enum is a user-defined data type that is used to assign some name to the integral constant. By default, the enum members are assigned values starting from 0 but we can also assign values manually.

Syntax of enum

Example of enum.

File Handling

File handling is the process of performing input and output on a file instead of the console. We can store, retrieve, and update data in a file. C supports text and binary files.

C File Operations

We can perform some set of operations on a file and C language provide some functions for it.

• Creating a new file – fopen() with attributes as “a” or “a+” or “w” or “w+”
• Opening an existing file – fopen()
• Reading from file – fscanf() or fgets()
• Writing to a file – fprintf() or fputs()
• Moving to a specific location in a file – fseek() , rewind()
• Closing a file – fclose()

Preprocessor Directives

The preprocessor directives are used to provide instructions to the preprocessor that expands the code before compilation. They start with the # symbol.

The following table lists all the preprocessor directives in C/C++:

Common Library Functions

C languages come bundled with some Standard Libraries that contain some useful functions to make it easier to perform some common operations. These are as follows:

C Math Functions

The <math.h> header file contains functions to perform the arithmetic operations. The following table contains some common maths functions in C:

Conclusion 

In summary, this C Cheat Sheet offers a concise yet comprehensive reference for programmers of all levels. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced coder, this cheat sheet provides a quick and handy overview of the core principles of C. With its organized format, code examples, and key syntaxes, it serves as a valuable resource to refresh your knowledge and navigate through the intricacies of C programming. Keep this cheat sheet close by to accelerate your coding journey and streamline your C programming endeavors.

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