hindu temple essay in english

The Importance of Temples in Hinduism: A Gateway to the Divine

Someshwara Temple, an 11th century architectural marvel, showcases the significance of temples in Hinduism.

As one of the oldest religions in the world, Hinduism is steeped in tradition and rituals that date back thousands of years. At the heart of these traditions lies the temple, a sacred space where devotees come to worship and connect with the divine. In this article, we’ll explore the significance of temples in Hinduism, examining their role in shaping the religion and the lives of its followers.

The Importance of Temples in Hinduism

Temples are integral to the practice of Hinduism, providing a physical space for devotees to connect with their gods and goddesses . They are a place of worship, contemplation, and community, and serve as a gateway to the divine.

Understanding Hinduism

Before delving into the significance of temples in Hinduism, it’s important to have a basic understanding of the religion itself. Hinduism is a complex and diverse faith, with roots that stretch back to ancient India.Key elements of Hinduism include the belief in reincarnation, the concept of karma as a governing principle, and the recognition of numerous deities.

Unlike many other religions, Hinduism does not have a single founder or scripture. Instead, it is a collection of beliefs and practices that have evolved over time, influenced by the region, culture, and traditions of its followers.

The Role of Temples in Hinduism

In Hinduism, temples serve as the physical manifestation of the divine, a place where devotees can come to offer prayers and seek blessings. They are seen as a sacred space, a place where the boundary between the material and spiritual worlds is blurred.

Temples are often constructed in areas of natural beauty, such as mountains, rivers, and forests, emphasizing the connection between the divine and the natural world. They are also designed to reflect the beliefs and traditions of the region in which they are built.

Temples play a crucial role in the practice of Hinduism, serving as a focal point for religious and social activities. They provide a space for devotees to come together in worship and community, fostering a sense of belonging and connection.

Through their rituals and ceremonies, temples offer a means of connecting with the divine , helping devotees to deepen their spiritual practice and cultivate a sense of inner peace and harmony.

The Significance of Temple Architecture

The design and architecture of Hindu temples are deeply symbolic, reflecting the beliefs and traditions of the religion. They are often characterized by intricate carvings, elaborate decorations, and ornate sculptures, each with its own symbolic meaning.

For example, the towering gopuram, or gateway, that marks the entrance to many South Indian temples is believed to symbolize the gateway to the divine. The mandapam, or hall, where devotees gather for worship, is often designed to resemble a cosmic structure, representing the universe itself.

The Importance of Rituals and Offerings

Central to the practice of Hinduism are the rituals and offerings made at temples. These may include the lighting of incense, the offering of flowers and food, and the recitation of mantras and prayers.

Through these acts of devotion, devotees seek to connect with the divine and receive blessings in return. They also serve as a means of expressing gratitude and humility, reminding devotees of their place in the larger cosmic order.

Why are temples important in Hinduism?

Temples serve as a physical manifestation of the divine, offering a space for devotees to worship and connect with their gods and goddesses. They also play a crucial role in fostering community and social connection among followers of the religion.

How are Hindu temples different from other places of worship?

Hindu temples are characterized by their intricate architecture

and design, which are deeply symbolic and reflective of the beliefs and traditions of the religion. Unlike other places of worship, such as churches or mosques, temples are often located in areas of natural beauty and are designed to integrate with their surroundings, emphasizing the connection between the divine and the natural world.

What rituals and offerings are made at Hindu temples?

Rituals and offerings at Hindu temples can vary depending on the region and tradition. They may include the lighting of incense, the offering of flowers and food, the recitation of mantras and prayers, and the performance of puja, a ritual that involves offering prayers and performing worship.

Can non-Hindus visit Hindu temples?

Yes, many Hindu temples welcome visitors of all faiths. However, it’s important to respect the customs and traditions of the temple, including dress codes, removing shoes before entering the sanctum sanctorum, and refraining from taking photographs or videos during worship.

Why do Hindus go to temples?

Hindus go to temples to seek blessings from their gods and goddesses, to deepen their spiritual practice, and to connect with their community. Temples offer a space for worship, reflection, and contemplation, helping devotees to cultivate a sense of inner peace and harmony.

What is the significance of temple festivals in Hinduism?

Temple festivals are an important part of Hindu religious and cultural life. They typically involve elaborate rituals, processions, and offerings, and are often accompanied by music, dance, and other forms of celebration. Temple festivals provide a means of connecting with the divine and fostering a sense of community and belonging among followers of the religion.

How can one benefit from visiting a Hindu temple?

Visiting a Hindu temple can offer a range of benefits, including spiritual nourishment, community connection, and a sense of inner peace and harmony. Temples provide a space for worship, reflection, and contemplation, helping devotees to deepen their spiritual practice and cultivate a sense of connection with the divine.

In Hinduism, temples are much more than mere places of worship. They are a physical manifestation of the divine, a gateway to the spiritual realm, and a means of fostering community and connection among followers of the religion. Through their rituals and ceremonies, their architecture and design, and their role in social and cultural life, temples play a vital role in shaping the religious and spiritual lives of Hindus around the world.

If you’re interested in learning more about Hinduism and its traditions, visiting a temple can be a wonderful way to connect with the religion and its community. Whether you’re seeking spiritual nourishment, cultural enrichment, or simply a sense of peace and tranquility, a visit to a Hindu temple can offer a powerful and transformative experience.

So, next time you’re looking to connect with the divine, consider a trip to your local Hindu temple, and experience the power and beauty of this ancient and enduring faith.

Further reading

Why do we go to temples?: https://pujayagna.com/blogs/hindu-customs/why-do-hindus-go-to-temples

The Mystical Importance Of Preserving Hindu Temples: https://behindeverytemple.org/temple-science/importance-of-preserving-hindu-temples/

Philosophy And Culture Behind Hindu Temple Architecture In India: https://www.indica.today/research/conference/philosophy-and-culture-behind-hindu-temple-architecture-in-india-a/

The Importance of a Hindu Temple: https://cisindus.org/2020/11/28/the-importance-of-a-hindu-temple/

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Essay on Temple

India is a land of ancient temples, sacred places and shrines. Temples are a symbol of peace and belief for Hindus. The temple’s main deity is the sculpture of a God or Goddess. Indian temples are known for their intricate sculptures, carvings and ancient paintings. These temples are open to the public and visitors who come to worship and make offerings. BYJU’S essay on temple helps children learn about the holy Indian temples.

From Kanyakumari to Kashmir, we find temples in any corner of the country. Each temple has a history, and the walls have a story of brave warriors or kings to tell the world. The entrance, or dhwaja sthambha, is a gateway that marks the way to the sanctum sanctorum. People visit temples for different reasons, such as pursuing peace, organising family functions, seeking blessings, serving people, etc. Now, let us read about famous Indian temples that are globally recognised by referring to an essay on temple in English.

Table of Contents

Famous indian temples, virupaksha temple, brihadeshwara temple, golden temple, akshardham temple.

Puri Jagannath Temple

History of Indian Temples

Indian temples are one of the most beautiful creations of humankind. Here are a few famous temples in India.

Virupaksha temple is located in Hampi, Karnataka. The temple was constructed by one of the chieftains, Lakkana Dandesha, who worked in the reign of the ruler Deva Raya II of the Vijayanagara Empire. Hampi is one of the world heritage sites designated by UNESCO. Lord Shiva is the main deity who is worshipped in sanctum sanctorum. This temple is the primary centre of yatra at Hampi.

Brihadeshwara temple, also known as Rajarajeswaram, is located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. This temple was constructed by Rajaraja I, a Chola emperor. Brihadeshwara temple is an example of Tamil architecture. Rajarajeswaram is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Like the Virupaksha temple, this temple is also a UNESCO world heritage site.

Golden temple is one of the most prominent shrines in the country, located in Amritsar, Punjab. Golden temple is also known as Sri Harmandir Sahib. Lakhs of Sikhs visit this temple every year. While visiting this temple, people must cover their heads for the lord.

Akshardham temple is one of the most visited temples across the country. Akshardham temple is situated in the national capital of India, Delhi, and the temple is famous for its architectural marvel. Moreover, this is one of India’s most beautiful shrines built in recent times.

To conclude, temples are of great importance to the Indians and the country’s culture. People visit temples to seek blessings from God or find peace from all the chaos around. In addition, Indian temples are excellent constructions, and each one of them is an architectural masterpiece. In this short essay on temple, we have explained the prominent Indian temples for children. For more essays, stories and poems , visit BYJU’S website.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which is the oldest temple in india.

The oldest temple in India is the Mundeshwari temple, located in Kaimur District, Bihar.

Which state is famous for temples in India?

Tamil Nadu is famous for its temples in India.

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Ayodhya Ram Mandir Essay in English – Download Free PDF

Published by team sy on january 22, 2024 january 22, 2024.

Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir: The Ayodhya Ram Mandir issue has been one of the most heated and long-standing religious disputes in modern Indian history. It involves the ownership and the right to construct a temple dedicated to Lord Ram at the site of the former Babri Masjid in the city of Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh.

Hindus believe that the site is the birthplace of Lord Ram and that historically there was a Ram temple that was destroyed by the Mughals and the Babri Masjid was constructed on top of its ruins in the 16th century. Muslims, on the other hand, claim that the land has historically been used for Islamic worship and that they have never interfered with Hindu religious practices.

This controversial issue has been in disputes for over a century now. It first came to prominence in 1949 when idols of Ram reportedly appeared inside the Babri Masjid, leading to clashes between Hindus and Muslims. This eventually led to the demolition of the mosque by Hindu kar sevaks in 1992, resulting in nationwide riots.

The matter reached the Supreme Court which finally delivered its verdict in November 2019, handing over the disputed land to a trust to build the Ram Temple. This settled one of India’s most contentious land disputes. However, the issue has still left behind deep scars on India’s social fabric.

This article seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the Ayodhya Ram Mandir issue, trace its history, key events, disputes and finally the Supreme Court’s landmark judgment. It aims to present an objective analysis of this sensitive religious-political issue that has impacted the nation.

Table of Contents

Ayodhya Ram Mandir Essay in English (100 words)

In Ayodhya’s heart, where Rama’s legend thrives, a temple grand, the Ram Mandir, majestically arrives. More than brick and stone, it whispers history’s tale, of faith enduring, through trials that prevail. Tradition’s embrace meets modern design’s flair, as artisans’ devotion paints the sacred air. A beacon of unity, where rivers converge, in harmony’s embrace, differences submerged. A promise renewed, to preserve ancient lore, while forging a future, where harmony soars. Ayodhya’s Ram Mandir, a symbol reborn, whispers to the soul, “Love’s light will always dawn.”

Ayodhya Ram Mandir Essay in English (300 words)

Rising majestically in the sacred city of Ayodhya, the Ram Mandir is more than just a temple; it’s a symbol of faith, history, and India’s cultural renaissance. From its intricate design to its sustainable construction, the Ram Mandir embodies the nation’s rich heritage and aspirations for the future.

A Legacy of Craftsmanship:

The temple’s design is a masterful blend of tradition and innovation. Drawing inspiration from over 550 Indian temples, it features the Nagara style of architecture, characterized by its towering shikhara (spire) and intricately carved pillars. Each detail, from the Bansi Paharpur pink sandstone facade to the teakwood doors , reflects the dedication of over 500 artisans and the meticulous planning of renowned architects like the Sompura family.

A Fusion of Technology and Tradition:

Despite its traditional elements, the Ram Mandir embraces modern technology. Advanced 3D mapping and virtual reality document every stage of construction, preserving the process for future generations. Earthquake-resistant features guarantee its longevity, while eco-friendly practices like rainwater harvesting and solar power ensure sustainability.

A Beacon of Unity and Inclusion:

The Ram Mandir stands as a symbol of unity and social inclusion. Holy water from 150 rivers across India graced the Bhoomi Pujan ceremony, highlighting the temple’s national significance. Moreover, ramps and lifts ensure accessibility for the differently-abled, reflecting the temple’s commitment to inclusivity.

Rejuvenating Ayodhya:

The Ram Mandir’s construction has sparked a transformation of Ayodhya. Large-scale infrastructure projects like modern roads, airports, and sewage systems are underway, aiming to transform the city into a thriving cultural and spiritual hub. Beautification projects, including the development of riverfronts and ancient ghats, further enhance the city’s charm.

Beyond Bricks and Mortar:

The Ram Mandir’s significance extends beyond its physical form. It represents the culmination of a decades-long journey, marking the resolution of a complex religious dispute and fostering harmony in the nation. Its construction also signifies a renewed appreciation for India’s ancient heritage, inspiring cultural pride and a commitment to preserving its legacy.

A Testament to Resilience:

The Ram Mandir’s journey, from its conception to its consecration, is a testament to human resilience and faith. It embodies the collective spirit of a nation, overcoming challenges and emerging stronger. As the doors of the temple open to devotees, it heralds a new era of cultural revival and spiritual awakening for India.

A Symbol for the World:

The Ram Mandir’s message resonates beyond borders. It embodies the universal values of faith, tolerance, and unity, serving as a beacon of hope and inspiration for the world. In an increasingly fragmented world, the Ram Mandir stands as a symbol of humanity’s enduring capacity to build bridges and foster understanding.

The Ayodhya Ram Mandir is not just a monument of stone and mortar; it’s a living testament to India’s spirit, a confluence of faith, history, and modernity. As its bells echo across the sacred city, they announce a new chapter in India’s cultural journey, one filled with hope, resilience, and the promise of a brighter future.

Ayodhya Ram Mandir Essay in English (500 words)

The construction of the Ayodhya Ram Mandir, a historic endeavour, brings to fruition a saga that spans decades and signifies not only the realization of a spiritual dream but also a remarkable fusion of traditional craftsmanship and modern architectural acumen.

Architectural Marvel and Construction Details

The chief architects, Chandrakant Sompura and his two sons, Nikhil and Ashish Sompura, orchestrated the design, drawing on expertise from renowned institutions like IIT Guwahati, IIT Chennai, IIT Bombay, NIT Surat, and others. The construction, undertaken by Larsen and Toubro (L&T), was managed by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited (TCEL).

The temple’s dimensions are awe-inspiring, covering a total area of 70 acres, with 70% dedicated to greenery. The temple itself spans 2.77 acres and stands at a height of 161 feet, with a length of 380 feet and a width of 250 feet. The architectural style reflects Indian Nagar style, boasting three floors, 392 pillars, and 44 doors.

Construction Materials and Techniques

In a departure from conventional practices, the construction avoided steel or iron, opting instead for traditional materials. Bansi Paharpur Pink Sandstone, Granite Stones, White Makrana, Colored Marbles, and Teakwood were utilized for various aspects. Special bricks, known as Ram Shilas, inscribed with “Shri Ram,” draw a parallel to the stones used in the construction of Ram Setu.

Architectural Highlights

The temple design integrates historical elements, drawing inspiration from approximately 550 temples across India. The temple has a three-story structure, each floor narrating a distinct phase of Lord Rama’s divine journey. With five mandaps, including Nritya Mandap and Sabha Mandap, the temple showcases intricate carvings and statues, providing devotees with a comprehensive experience.

Temple Complex and Infrastructural Aspects

The temple complex, encompassed by a rectangular compound wall (Parkota), includes four corner temples dedicated to Surya Dev, Devi Bhagwati, Ganesh Bhagwan, and Lord Shiva. Additional temples within the complex pay homage to various revered figures, fostering a holistic spiritual environment.

The complex incorporates essential infrastructural elements, such as sewage treatment plants, water treatment plants, a fire service, independent power stations, and a Pilgrims Facility Centre. Furthermore, a museum within the complex showcases artifacts related to Lord Ram and the Ramayana, emphasizing the temple’s cultural and educational significance.

Significance and Impact

The construction of the Ram Mandir holds immense religious, cultural, and social significance. It signifies the end of decades-long religious conflicts, fostering religious harmony. Culturally, it becomes a symbol of India’s historical heritage, while socially, it is expected to encourage charitable institutions and boost economic growth through tourism.

Rejuvenation of Ayodhya

The temple’s construction has acted as a catalyst for the rejuvenation of Ayodhya. Over 200 developmental projects, valued at Rs 30,923 crores, aim at transforming Ayodhya into a modern cultural and spiritual hub. This includes the development of infrastructure, beautification projects, an international airport, and the overall enhancement of the city’s historical and cultural character.

Learnings and Legacy

The Ayodhya Ram Mandir construction project provides valuable lessons. It showcases the indigenization of technology, the incorporation of modern techniques for preservation, secular participation, cultural integration, social inclusion, environmental sustainability, conservation, and transparency in reporting progress.

In conclusion, the Ayodhya Ram Mandir is not just a religious edifice but a cultural and architectural marvel. It symbolizes the collective spirit of a nation, blending tradition with modernity. As a beacon guiding spiritual and cultural aspirations, the temple heralds the beginning of India’s cultural renaissance.

10 Lines on Ayodhya Ram Mandir 

• The Ayodhya Ram Mandir is a sacred Hindu temple located in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• It is dedicated to Lord Rama, a revered deity in Hinduism, and is believed to be his birthplace.
• The temple construction was a result of a historical legal and social resolution after decades of disputes.
• Chief architects Chandrakant Sompura and his sons, Nikhil and Ashish Sompura, led the design process.
• Construction was carried out by Larsen and Toubro (L&T), and Tata Consulting Engineers Limited (TCEL) managed the project.
• The temple follows the Indian Nagar architectural style and spans an area of 2.77 acres.
• With a height of 161 feet, length of 380 feet, and width of 250 feet, it has become an architectural marvel.
• The temple’s construction avoided the use of steel or iron, opting for traditional materials like sandstone, granite, and teakwood.
• Its completion signifies the end of a longstanding dispute and promotes religious harmony in the country.
• The Ayodhya Ram Mandir is not only a religious symbol but also a cultural and national heritage site, attracting pilgrims and visitors from around the world.

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Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in English: Samples in 100-250 Words for School Students

• Updated on  
• Jan 24, 2024

Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in English : The day of Lord Rama’s idol consecration ceremony at Ayodhya Ram Mandir was one of the most significant days in Indian history. On 22nd January 2024, the ‘Pran Prathistha’ ceremony at Ayodhya Ram Mandir took place. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, UP CM Yogi Adityanath and other VVIPs of the country were present at the ceremony.

As a way to improve communication skills, students are encouraged to write essays and paragraphs about a variety of national and international topics. A lot of students are given assignments to describe in their own words the amazing beauty of the magnificent Ram Mandir, since this day has been carved with golden words in Indian history, giving it particular significance. Check out this essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in English, which schoolchildren can use as an example to explain the chronology, history, and glory of the spectacular Temple. 

Table of Contents

• 1 Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in English in 100-150 Words
• 2 Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in English in 200-250 Words
• 3 5 Interesting Facts About Ayodhya Ram Mandir
• 4 Timeline of Major Events 

Explore 200+ Essay Topics for School Students in English

Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in English in 100-150 Words

The majestic temple known as the Ayodhya Ram Mandir is situated in the holy city of Ayodhya. This city is situated on the bank of the Saryu River and is located in the northern region of India. Built at the birthplace of Hinduism’s foremost deity, Rama, it is called Ram Janmbhoomi . There have been long-standing disagreements and debates around the Ayodhya Ram Mandir, that involve both political and religious dimensions. Recently inaugurated, the Ayodhya Ram Mandir is thought to be the precise location of Lord Rama’s birth. It has been said that his ancestors made a temple there to honour his life and birth. In the medieval period, Mughal Emperor Babur destroyed the Ram Temple and built the Babri Masjid, to promote Islam in India. The climax of this incident took place in 1992, when a group of Hindu devotees demolished the Babri Masjid, claiming it to be the birthplace of Lord Ram. After 32 years, the Ram Temple inauguration took place under the authority of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Learn the Basics: How to Write an Essay in English: Format, Samples, and Tips

Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in English in 200-250 Words

The sacred city of Ayodhya is home to the magnificent temple known as the Ayodhya Ram Mandir. Situated in the northern part of India, the city is on the banks of the Saryu River. Constructed at the birthplace of the most revered deity in Hinduism, Rama, it is known as Ram Janmbhoomi. 

It is thought that Rama was born precisely at the location where Ram Mandir was constructed by his ancestors to honour his life and birth. However, around the sixteenth century, the Mughal ruler Babur demolished the temple and built the Babri Masjid, a mosque. Later, in 1992, a group of Hindu militants destroyed the mosque, setting off violent riots and other religious unrest throughout the nation. For years, there has been debate and litigation around the ownership and status of the property. 

Ayodhya Ram Mandir’s history is complicated, connected with arguments and obstacles. The completion of Ram Mandir represents the end of a long-running dispute. The Ram Mandir’s artistically carved sandstone, which includes domes, pillars, and engravings whispering tales of Rama’s journey, is a reflection of traditional Hindu architecture. The temple is more than merely a monument; it represents tenacity, optimism, and a path toward peace. Because of this, the Ayodhya Ram Mandir is far more than an ordinary building; it’s an important representation of spiritual principles, cultural history, and firm faith.

Also Read: Essay on Rajendra Prasad in 100, 200 and 500 Words

5 Interesting Facts About Ayodhya Ram Mandir

• With more than fifteen generations of temple architecture experience, the Sompura family created the design for the Ayodhya Ram Mandir.
• The Ram Mandir is constructed entirely of stones, copper, white cement, and wood. Neither iron nor steel is used in its construction.
• The Ram Mandir, which occupies 70 acres, 70% of which is green space, is the largest temple in India.
• A 2000-foot-deep time capsule at the temple holds information on the origins of Lord Rama and the history of Ayodhya.
• The temple features a constellation-based garden with 27 different plant species, each of which represents one of the 27 nakshatras (star constellations).

Also Read: Essay on Pongal in 100 to 400 Words in English

Timeline of Major Events 

Ans: The temple is being constructed on a controversial area of land in the city of Ayodhya, which is regarded by many Hindus to be the birthplace of Ram. 

Ans: The Mughal emperor Babur’s commander Mir Baqi built the Babri Masjid in 1528, which marked the start of the Ram Temple movement. Decades of disagreements and hostilities between the two populations were caused by the notion that the mosque was constructed on the site and the ruins of a Hindu temple.

Ans: It is situated in the location of Ram Janmabhoomi, the birthplace of Hinduism’s foremost deity, Rama. Built in the sixteenth century CE, the mosque was built on the site of the remnants of a Hindu temple leading to decades of disputes and hostility between the Hindu-Muslim populations.

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Nidhi Mishra is a seasoned senior content writer with more than eight years of diverse experience in the field of education. Her varied career encompasses work in teaching, training, counselling, developing curriculum, and content creation. Nidhi has a solid background in education and has developed her abilities to meet the diverse needs of students, especially students who want to study abroad. Throughout her career, Nidhi has been an invaluable resource to students with their test-taking efforts, offering thorough career assistance and insightful advice on how to navigate the complexity of the system of education. Her speciality is creating interesting and educational content that is specifically designed to fulfil the needs of students who want to pursue higher education abroad. Together with her wonderful writing skills, Nidhi's love of education has allowed her to produce content that has a lasting impression on readers, educators, and students alike. She is committed to providing high-quality, timely, and insightful content because she believes that education can empower people.

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Essay: Ayodhya and the end of the Hindu imagination

The most magical thing about the ramayana is that it has the capacity to enter our personal lives, dreams and nightmares. but will that continue to be possible now that a single official version has been enshrined.

When a state stamps its ownership on a much-loved story, its ordinary citizens have no choice but to let go of their own versions. In effect, they have to give up their own peculiar, personalised love for the tale, its range of characters, the various scenes and episodes. By loving the story, once upon a time, they could write parts of it themselves, create echoes of it for their daily lives, loves and prayers. All of that is now lost. There remains only one story to follow, only one hero to admire, designated virtues to worship.

I lost my Ramayana on January 22, when the Indian state took it away from me.

The most magical thing about stories is that they are private, that they have a shape-shifting capacity of entering our personal lives, dreams and nightmares. When the democratically elected leader of a country consecrates a particular version of a story in a designated temple that leads to a flurry of holidays nationwide, when national media live streams the consecration to every corner of the nation, when dignitaries from the walks of life that really matter in India – film and cricket and politics – gather to watch the consecration, can you still go on loving the story and its characters in your own private and idiosyncratic way?

When Ram Rajya is the utopia around us, is it possible anymore to mourn the loss of Sita to her Earth Mother? Is it possible anymore to love and admire Indrajit, aka Meghnad, Ravana’s spirited younger brother, invincible behind the clouds? Once upon a time, a great Bengali poet had written an epic poem in the manner of Milton where Lakshman killed the cloud-warrior with the latter in the middle of his puja, in a rare moment of vulnerability. Lakshman’s breach of military ethics had the same mystery and complexity as Krishna’s instruction to Arjun to kill the great Kaurava generals, in ways unacceptable to military ethics. But Michael Madhusudhan Dutt, the poet of Meghnad Badh Kavya , was, like his idol John Milton, “of the devil’s party without knowing it”, as the poet William Blake had said of the great English poet of Paradise Lost . For Milton, Satan was the most unforgettable character of the Bible. For Michael, Meghnad was a hero, Lakshman an ethical violator and a coward.

Can we admire Meghnad anymore? Can we mourn the sorrow of a Ram Rajya with Sita lost to the folds of earth from whence she had appeared at birth?

The beauty and greatness of our epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata is that they exist in almost every nook and cranny of Indian life, in every local and vernacular version, far beyond the Brahminical Hinduism that has sought to clamp its muscle of purity on them. AK Ramanujan narrates a few of the endlessly innumerable ways in which the Ramayana has shaped our languages, our basic life lessons, and our rituals. When someone is talking endlessly about something, one says, “What’s this Ramayana about?” In Tamil, a narrow room is called a kishkindha, and a proverb about a dim-witted person says: “After hearing the Ramayana all night, he asks how Rama is related to Sita”. In a Bengali arithmetic textbook, children are asked to figure the dimensions of what is left of a wall that Hanuman built, after he had broken down parts of it in mischief. And to this, Ramanujan says, we must add an infinite number of marriage songs, place legends, temple myths, paintings, sculpture, and the many performing arts that echo bits and scraps of the Ramayana in every imaginable way.

A Hindu epic is such a pantheon of unforgettable characters and episodes that it is impossible for anyone touched by it to not create versions of it. My mind cries out for Apu, the child-protagonist of Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay’s novel Pather Panchali . With a makeshift bow and arrow crafted from castaway twigs, the poor village boy spends hours daydreaming, suddenly transformed into a hero from the Ramayana or the Mahabharata . But he always chose to be Karna; his heart went out to the courageous hero who, he felt, got nothing but insult and injustice in his life. The hero who could have triumphed in the epic died broken, a dishonourable death, his prowess and generosity misremembered, cast into oblivion. Apu, the dreamy boy destined to be a suffering bohemian creative soul as an adult, cast his lot with Karna, spurning the nobility and triumphant glory of Arjun and Krishna. The Mahabharata , molten into a much beloved coming-of-age novel from the early twentieth century, became more magical for this unusual choice. And Apu was one of many; Karna, would be immortalized by the Marathi novelist Shivaji Sawant in his wildly popular novel, Mritunjaya, the death-conqueror. I remember my professor, the poet P Lal, who published the English translation of the novel, saying that Karna is the closest we have to a tragic hero.

The German critic Erich Auerbach told us the difference between Homeric and Biblical narration: Unlike the Homeric epics of Iliad and Odyssey, which lie and fabricate when necessary, biblical stories lay claim to the singularity of an absolute truth. “The Bible’s claim to truth is not only far more urgent than Homer’s,” Auerbach wrote, “it is tyrannical – it excludes all other claims.” 

The Hindu epics, with their playfulness and plurality, are much like the Hellenic pantheon and Homeric narration. As long as they have been around, their fluidity has seeped into all crevices of Indian life far more than a single absolute version could ever have done. Ramanujan tells the story of the foolish villager who went to a performance of the Ramayana on his wife’s insistence but fell asleep each night. Trying to lie desperately, he could only describe the epic in terms of the sensory experience that had touched him each night he had missed the story: “sweet” the night sweetmeats were stuffed into his sleeping mouth, “heavier and heavier” the night someone sat on his sleeping body, and “salty” the night a dog urinated into his sleeping mouth.

Is the Ramayana all of that? All these impossible flavours? Perhaps we’ll never know anymore, as now we have the authority of an official version enshrined in Ayodhya.

Saikat Majumdar is a novelist and critic. @_saikatmajumdar

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Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in English for Students

The Ram Mandir in Ayodhya was inaugurated on 22 January 2024 and the wait of 500 years is now completed. The Ram Mandir, Ayodhya is the pride of Hinduism. The Lord Ram holds cultural and spiritual significance. The construction of Ram Mandir in Ayodhya began on 5 August 2020 with Bhumi Pujan. We have curated the essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir for Students.

Ayodhya Ram Mandir Timeline

Below is the overview of incidents on Ram Mandir Ayodhya.

Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in English

The Ram Mandir is located in Ayodhya Nagri, Uttar Pradesh. The Ram temple has been inaguared on 22 Jan 2024 in the presence of lakhs of devotees in Ayodjya. This temple is our pride and it brings spiritual and cultural harmony.

Religious Significance: Ayodhya is believed to be the birthplace of Lord Ram, one of the most revered deities in Hinduism and the central figure of the epic Ramayana. The city has been a pilgrimage site for centuries, drawing devotees from across the country and beyond. The historical roots of the temple are ancient, with references to a temple at the site dating back to antiquity. However, it was during the Mughal era in 1528 that the Babri Masjid was constructed on the disputed land, allegedly after the demolition of the existing temple.

The Ayodhya Conflict: The site has been a point of contention between Hindus and Muslims for centuries, with both communities claiming ownership and the right to worship. The dispute intensified in the 20th century, leading to significant social and political tensions. The Babri Masjid’s demolition in 1992 exacerbated the situation, resulting in widespread communal violence and a nationwide crisis.

Legal Battles and Resolutions: The legal battles over the site were protracted and complex, spanning several decades. The case reached its zenith with the Allahabad High Court verdict in 2010, which divided the disputed land among Hindu and Muslim parties. However, the final resolution came in November 2019 when the Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark judgment. The apex court awarded the entire disputed land for the construction of the Ram Mandir and allocated an alternative site for the construction of a mosque. This judgment brought legal closure to a decades-long dispute.

Construction and Inauguration: Following the Supreme Court’s verdict, the construction of the Ram Mandir began in earnest. The Ayodhya Ram Mandir Trust was formed in February 2020 to oversee the construction process. The Bhumi Pujan ceremony, a groundbreaking event, took place on August 5, 2020, marking the formal commencement of the temple’s construction.

The inauguration of the Ram Mandir is scheduled for January 22, 2024. This momentous occasion will witness the official opening of the temple, fulfilling the aspirations of millions of devotees who have longed for the construction of a grand temple at Lord Ram’s birthplace.

Cultural and Political Impact: The Ayodhya Ram Mandir has had a profound impact on India’s cultural and political landscape. It has been a focal point for religious and nationalist sentiments, and its construction has been a source of unity for many. The temple symbolizes India’s diverse heritage and the coexistence of multiple faiths.

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Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in Hindi

Ayodhya Ram Mandir

राम मंदिर हिन्दू धर्म के एक प्रमुख स्थल है जो भारत के ऐतिहासिक और धार्मिक महत्व का प्रतीक माना जाता है। इस मंदिर का निर्माण एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और ऐतिहासिक क्षण के रूप में देखा जाता है, और यह हिन्दू समुदाय के लिए गर्व का स्रोत है। राम मंदिर का इतिहास: राम मंदिर का इतिहास हिन्दू धर्म के प्रमुख धार्मिक ग्रंथ रामायण से जुड़ा हुआ है। यह मंदिर भगवान राम के जन्मस्थल के रूप में मान्यता प्राप्त है। रामायण में लिखा गया है कि भगवान राम अयोध्या में जन्मे थे, और इसी स्थल पर उनकी प्रारंभिक जीवन की घटनाएँ हुईं। भगवान राम की जन्मभूमि के रूप में इस स्थल का महत्व धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक है, और यह स्थल अनेक वर्षों तक हिन्दू समुदाय के लोगों के लिए तीर्थ स्थल के रूप में बना रहा है। राम मंदिर का निर्माण: राम मंदिर के निर्माण का इतिहास भारतीय इतिहास का हिस्सा बन चुका है। यह मंदिर परंपरागत भारतीय वास्तुकला का एक उत्कृष्ट उदाहरण है और इसके निर्माण में अनेक कला कर्मी और स्थानीय लोगों का योगदान था। निर्माण प्रक्रिया: राम मंदिर का निर्माण एक दीर्घ और महत्वपूर्ण प्रक्रिया थी। इसके पूरे निर्माण को एक ऐतिहासिक और सामाजिक उपकरण के रूप में देखा जाता है। राम मंदिर का महत्व: राम मंदिर हिन्दू समुदाय के लिए धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक दृष्टि से महत्वपूर्ण है। इसका निर्माण एक प्राचीन सपने का पूरा होने का प्रतीक माना जाता है, और इसका महत्व भारतीय समाज में अत्यधिक है। राम मंदिर का निर्माण एक ऐतिहासिक और सांस्कृतिक घटना है जो हिन्दू धर्म की महत्वपूर्ण चेतना को प्रकट करता है। इसका महत्व धार्मिक, सांस्कृतिक, और राष्ट्रीय दृष्टि से बेहद गहरा है, और यह हिन्दू समुदाय के लोगों के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण धार्मिक स्थल के रूप में दिखाई देता है।

Short Essay on Ram Mandir Ayodhya

The Ayodhya Ram Mandir, dedicated to Lord Ram, embodies India’s rich cultural heritage and complex history. This revered temple stands as a symbol of faith and unity.

Historical and Religious Significance: Ayodhya, believed to be Lord Ram’s birthplace, holds deep religious significance for millions of Hindus. The construction of the Babri Masjid on the disputed land in 1528 marked the beginning of a contentious history.

Resolution and Construction: The Supreme Court’s landmark verdict in 2019 paved the way for the temple’s construction. Work began in 2020, with the temple set to be inaugurated on January 22, 2024.

Cultural and Political Impact: The Ayodhya Ram Mandir serves as a symbol of India’s diverse cultural heritage and the coexistence of multiple faiths. It has had a profound impact on the nation’s cultural and political landscape, fostering unity and dialogue.

Conclusion: The Ayodhya Ram Mandir is not merely a place of worship; it is a testament to India’s enduring faith, its complex history, and its commitment to unity in diversity. It stands as a beacon of hope and harmony, bringing together people of various backgrounds in reverence and celebration.

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Long Essay  on Ayodhya Ram Mandir 

The Ayodhya Ram Mandir is situated in the ancient city of Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. Ayodhya is an integral part of Hindu mythology and spirituality. The historical roots of the temple date back centuries, with mentions of a temple at the site in ancient texts. However, it was during the Mughal era in 1528 that the Babri Masjid was constructed on this disputed land, allegedly after the demolition of the pre-existing temple.

The Ayodhya Conflict: The site has been a flashpoint of contention between Hindus and Muslims for generations, with both communities laying claim to it. The dispute escalated in the 20th century, giving rise to significant social and political tensions. The Babri Masjid’s demolition in 1992 marked a tragic turning point, resulting in widespread communal violence and a nationwide crisis.

Legal Battles and Resolutions: The legal battles surrounding the site were protracted and intricate, spanning decades. The case reached its apex with the Allahabad High Court’s verdict in 2010, which partitioned the disputed land among Hindu and Muslim parties. However, the definitive resolution came in November 2019 when the Supreme Court of India delivered a momentous judgment. The apex court allocated the entire disputed land for the construction of the Ram Mandir and earmarked an alternative site for the construction of a mosque. This judgment brought legal closure to a protracted and contentious dispute.

Construction and Inauguration: Following the Supreme Court’s verdict, the construction of the Ram Mandir commenced with enthusiasm and fervor. In February 2020, the Ayodhya Ram Mandir Trust was established to oversee the construction process. The Bhumi Pujan ceremony, a groundbreaking event, took place on August 5, 2020, marking the formal commencement of the temple’s construction.

The inauguration of the Ram Mandir is scheduled for January 22, 2024. This historic occasion will witness the official opening of the temple, fulfilling the long-cherished aspirations of millions of devotees who have yearned for the construction of a magnificent temple at Lord Ram’s birthplace.

Cultural and Political Impact: The Ayodhya Ram Mandir has left an indelible mark on India’s cultural and political landscape. It has emerged as a focal point for religious and nationalist sentiments, galvanizing millions. The temple signifies India’s rich and diverse heritage and the coexistence of numerous faiths. It is a symbol of unity, transcending religious boundaries and fostering a sense of belonging among people from various backgrounds.

10 Lines Essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir

The following is the essay on Ayodhya Ram Mandir in 10 lines:

The Ayodhya Ram Mandir is a sacred Hindu temple located in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is dedicated to Lord Ram, a central figure in Hindu mythology and the seventh avatar of Lord Vishnu. The construction of the temple gained prominence due to the Ayodhya Ram Mandir-Babri Masjid dispute. The dispute, rooted in historical and religious claims, led to significant legal battles spanning several decades. In 2019, the Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark judgment in favor of the construction of the Ram Mandir at the disputed site. The judgment also allocated an alternate plot for the construction of a mosque to maintain religious harmony. The groundbreaking ceremony for the temple took place on August 5, 2020, with the participation of various dignitaries. The construction of the Ayodhya Ram Mandir is viewed as a symbol of cultural and religious heritage restoration. It holds immense significance for millions of Hindus, fulfilling a long-cherished dream and reclaiming a sacred site. The temple stands as a testament to India’s diversity, highlighting the coexistence of different religious beliefs in the country.

Importance of Ram Mandir in Hindusm

• Religious Significance : The Ram Mandir is dedicated to Lord Ram, one of the most revered deities in Hinduism. Lord Ram is considered the seventh avatar of Lord Vishnu, the preserver of the universe, and is believed to represent the ideal human being and king.
• Historical Significance : The temple is believed to be the birthplace of Lord Ram. Ayodhya, where the temple is located, is considered the sacred city associated with Lord Ram’s life and rule.
• Cultural Heritage : The story of Lord Ram, as narrated in the epic Ramayana, is an integral part of Hindu culture and tradition. The construction of the Ram Mandir is seen as the fulfillment of a long-standing cultural and religious aspiration.
• Unity and Faith : The construction of the temple is a symbol of unity and faith among millions of Hindus who hold Lord Ram in deep reverence. It is seen as a unifying force that brings Hindus together.
• Spiritual Significance : The temple provides a sacred space for devotees to worship and seek the blessings of Lord Ram. It serves as a center for spiritual activities, prayers, and rituals.
• National Pride : The Ram Mandir holds a special place in the hearts of many Indians as a symbol of national pride and identity. It represents the rich cultural and religious heritage of India.
• Legal and Social Significance : The construction of the temple has been a subject of legal and social debate for many years. Its resolution and construction mark a significant milestone in India’s history.
• Peace and Harmony : The construction of the temple is seen as a step towards fostering peace and harmony among different communities in India. It reflects the desire for coexistence and mutual respect.

Ram Mandir Essay in English – FAQs

Who built ram mandir in ayodhya.

The construction of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya is being overseen by the Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust, which was established by the Government of India in February 2020.

What is the old name of Ayodhya?

The old name of Ayodhya is “Saketa.” Ayodhya is one of the oldest and most revered cities in India, and its historical and cultural significance is deeply rooted in Hindu mythology and ancient texts like the Ramayana.

What is the story behind Ayodhya Ram Mandir?

The Ayodhya Ram Mandir’s story revolves around the belief that it stands on the birthplace of Lord Ram and the historic dispute over the site, culminating in its construction following a landmark Supreme Court verdict in 2019.

What is the importance of Ayodhya Ram Mandir?

The Ayodhya Ram Mandir is important for its religious significance as Lord Ram’s birthplace, its role in preserving cultural heritage, fostering unity among diverse communities, symbolizing national identity, and representing historical reconciliation.

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India as a country is renowned for its diversity, both in terms of geographical habitats and its social composition. This diversity rests on interplay of several factors, including economic, political and social structures that have been nurtured over the centuries. Underlying all these structures is a spiritual foundation, which rather inconspicuously exerts a powerful influence on our society. Scholars across the world have recognized India as a sacred geography, with all its disparate locations being tied together through pilgrimage routes. One of the most omnipresent structures within this sacred geography is the Hindu temple. The profusion of temples found across the subcontinent suggests that they continue to dominate our landscape in modern times.

A discussion on temples in ‘modern India’ may seem like a pointless exercise; it may raise the obvious question- how do temples affect our contemporary lives in any tangible manner? There seem to be so many other pressing issues, and temples, for millennials in particular, seem to be little more than relics from a bygone era. But such assertions arise from a tiny cross-section of our society; and can easily be disproved by the vibrant pilgrimage networks that continue to galvanise devotees from various parts of the country. What is it that makes the temple or a tirtha kshetra such a powerful symbol for lakhs of devotees? This essay seeks to probe and demonstrate the continuing relevance of temples in modern India. Studying the architectural and iconographical orientation of temples can allow us to realise the manner in which modern temples connect us to a sacred past, and also manifest the ambitions of a shared future. This essay will also analyse how modern aesthetic ideas have impinged themselves on temples, without tarnishing their sacred character. The thrust of this effort is to underscore how temples are the backbone of India’s millennia-old civilization, and continue to project some of the most elevated philosophical and spiritual ideas germane to our civilizational context.

At the very outset, it is useful to examine the meaning of a temple in Hindu tradition. Before venturing into the definition of a temple, the concept of sacred space deserves elaboration. From prehistoric times, man has been predisposed towards perceiving a ‘reality’ that does not belong to the world. This takes place through the manifestation of sacred reality, which is in direct opposition to profane experience. Historian Mircea Eliade characterizes this manifestation as ‘hierophany’, and this process encompasses its most elementary manifestation in ordinary objects to the experience of a ‘supreme’ reality (Eliade1987: 12). Maintaining this sacred space is an existential imperative for many societies, and there are numerous ways in which a consciousness of the sacred becomes visible. The sacred in other words bestows meaning on secular pursuits of everyday life.

India is well and truly a living landscape. Almost all topographical features like mountains, rivers, forests and villages are elaborately associated with stories of Gods and heroes. All such stories are suffused with metaphysical insight. These accounts are not to be viewed in isolation, as they significantly underpin the notion of a sacred geography. [1] Thus, in our paradigm, while differences in physical features are acknowledged, their connection with the cosmos is accorded pre-eminence. This almost exemplifies Eliade’s observation, ‘the cosmos in entirety can become a hierophany’. Temples need to be situated as components within this sacred landscape.

Oftentimes, we equate temples merely with shrines that house deity/s. However, this is a rather simplistic notion; as shrines are incomplete without the landscape that surrounds them. Moreover, there are many temples that lack elaborate shrines, wherein idols or natural objects serve the purpose. A temple can therefore be better understood as a confluence of structures, with a specific spatial orientation, consisting of features that produce a distinct spiritual ethos. It is impossible to comprehend the character of temples without acknowledging its philosophical basis, as temples are rooted in Vedantic ideals. Hinduism, which is inextricably tied to Vedanta, is concerned with liberation or moksha as embodying the ultimate purpose of life. Vedanta borrows heavily from the Upanishads, which stress on there being no duality between human beings and the ultimate reality (Brahman). Prakriti (nature) and purusha (soul) are one and the same, but human beings fail to realise this non-duality because of an illusory veil (maya) that impedes spiritual progress. In order to cast this veil aside, some actions have to be performed. A temple, along with its deity, is thus supposed to facilitate the transcendence of illusions so that a devotee can proceed towards moksha. In other words, the aforementioned concern for ‘wholeness’ and universal reality permeates the structural character of a temple. [2]

A temple removes all distinctions between man, nature and God, as these are considered to be inseparable entities. Such a creative fusion implies that the architectural plans of a temple as well as the icons placed within it are replete with symbolic value. In the words of scholar George Michelle “temples provide a symbolic expression to that which cannot be discursively expressed” (Michelle, 1988).

The most powerful symbolism can be noticed in the association of temples with Mount Meru (also known as Sumeru). In Hindu mythology, Mount Meru is seen as the centre of the cosmic axis and the abode of Gods. The Himalayas and Bharatavarsha are located below this sacred mountain. Mount Kailash in the Himalayas is considered as the earthy manifestation of Mount Meru, which explains the sanctity of river Ganga, that originates in the Himalayan ranges. It is this cosmological paradigm that sustains the association of temples with natural features like caves, mountains and rivers.

As mentioned earlier, all distinctions between man and cosmos collapse when one enters a temple. The human body provides the most viable pattern for viewing the cosmos. Thus, a temple is nothing but the cosmos taking a human form. The Matsya Purana, presenting a general orientation of the Hindu house, also mentions the symbolic merger of body, space and cosmos (P.B Singh, 1992). In Kundalini Yoga, the seven chakras are seen as vital energy points present inside the body, connected to the ultimate reality or Brahman. A temple almost approximates a human body with these seven chakras. For instance, the garbha-griha or womb-chamber of the temple holds the Anahata-chakra , which relates to the energy of the heart (Bharne, 2012, p. 93). This is the sanctum-sanctorum of a templewhich housesthe deity, and its equation with the Anahata-chakra reflects how it signifies the very essence of the temple. As opposed to the superstructure or the pavilions, it remains relatively unadorned, to provide a sanctifying environment for spiritual pursuits. Likewise, various parts of the temple are divided in such a manner, to help the devotee realise the ultimate truth in his bodily form.

Temples are planned in accordance with the vastu-purusha-mandala , a scheme which indicates the underlying philosophical motivations governing temple. Vastu literally means ‘existence’; and its shape is cosmologically deemed to be a square. This is the reason temples generally have a square-plan, i.e. Mandala. As Stella Kramrisch observes, ‘Square is a fundamental form of Indian architecture….it is a mark of order, of finality, to expanding a life of perfection beyond life and death.’ (Kramrisch 1946: p.21).

As noted earlier, the cosmos is sought to be reimagined in the structure of a temple, and thus texts like the Mayamatam and Vishnudharmottara Purana prescribe that the image of the cosmic man (Purusha) should be identical to the planned site. The Purusha is equivalent to the totality of manifestation, and the vastu purusha mandala can thus be seen as a metaphysical plan of the temple.

This brief exposition on the nature of sacred space in the Hindu paradigm, and the cosmological orientation of temples can offer us a window into acknowledging the sacred character of modern temples.

Amalgamation of Tradition and Modernity in Modern Temples: the case of Akshardham

In modern temples, there is a very visible tussle between tradition and modernity. After all, the notion of a sacred space does evolve over time, and many ancient and medieval temples continue to be worshipped across the country. The Virupaksha temple in Hampi and the Padmanabhaswamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram have been under worship for at least three hundred years. However, this essay shall primarily concern itself with temples that have been commissioned in independent India, including both monumental and canonical temples and ordinary shrines that dot our landscape.

Perhaps the most ambitious temple-building project in modern India is that of the Swaminarayan Akshardham temple in New Delhi. This massive complex truly represents the country’s heritage in an inimitable manner. The Akshardham temple in Gandhinagar was constructed by the same organization called BAPS in 1992, and its popularity propelled this group under Pramukh Swami Maharaj to launch its second major project in the national capital on a much more ambitious scale in 2001. Quite revealingly, Vedic rituals were performed at each major juncture in the process of construction. Eight scholars of Pancaratra Sastra were called upon to consecrate the temple. Workers were also drawn from various segments of society, and prominently included local farmers and tribal women. Thus, canonical injunctions were adhered to while constructing this temple, and it also facilitated social integration.

The temple is today spread across an astonishing 100 acres of land, and the central monument is set in a pool of water, surrounded by sculpted stone colonnades. The monument seems to be modelled on the medieval temples of western India, constructed entirely using pink sandstone. In fact, the complex is not merely a temple; it is also a museum and has a theme park. Audio shows and computer-controlled fountains illustrate how devotion is intricately connected with technology. The Bharat Upavan (Gallery of India) is a park that contains bronze images of warriors, freedom fighters and numerous other legendary figures associated with India’s cultural heritage.

Kavita Singh has studied the iconography of this temple, and her study illustrates how the architecture at Akshardham seems to be inspired from several other classical temples of the subcontinent. The domes resemble those found in Shore temple, Mahabalipuram. The frieze of elephants at the lowest level of the plinth is similar to the elephant friezes found in Kailasanatha temple (a little more on elephants later). In fact, the influence of Jain temple architecture can also be discerned in this complex. Stone carvings found inside the central monument are similar to those of Jain temples at Dilwara and Ranakpur. Kavita Singh persuasively argues that the Akshardham temple resembles the dadabaris, which are memorial shrines built in honour of departed Jain gurus. The construction work has also been done using stone, without any trace of cement or steel, once again harking back to temple building traditions of yesteryears. The central complex features an exhibition on the life of Bhagwan Swaminarayan along with vignettes from the lives of other prominent Hindu saints.

The sculptural exuberance of the complex includes a bewildering range of deities from the Hindu pantheon, including Shiva-Parvati, Radha-Krishna, Sita-Ram and Lakshmi-Narayan. Again, the spirit of fusing prakriti with purusha can be noticed over here. The synthesis of different cults seeks to underscore the essential unity of the Hindu religion. The exhibitions and theme parks again invoke heroes from the past, and this deification of historicalpersonages is one of the most critical developments in recent temple building endeavours. A fusion of the ancient with the modern can perceptively be noticed in this magnificent complex. As former President of India, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam also remarked during the temple’s inauguration in 2007, Akshardham truly represents India’s ‘civilisational heritage in dynamic form’. (Kavita Singh2012: 52)

Temples as Repositories of Values

Another important landmark in the capital city of Delhi is the Lakshminarayan (Birla) temple located near Connaught circle. This is once again a massive complex, whose construction was completed in 1939 under the watchful eyes of industrialist Baldeo Das Birla. It was inaugurated by none other than Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. This was the first among a chain of Birla temples constructed by the Birla Foundation, and today such temples can be seen in cities like Kolkata, Hyderabad and Varanasi. The business-class funding temples is not a novelty in the Indian context, as right from ancient times, groups possessing capital have enriched the sacred sphere. The Ainurruvar (The Five Hundred) of Aihole are a case in point, as a large number of early medieval temples in North Karnataka were funded by this motley group of merchants.

The Birla temple in Delhi may not match Akshardham in its scale, but it also creatively synthesizes different architectural traditions. It follows the Nagara style of architecture, and is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi. The temple has numerous paintings and sculptures which encompass the grand sweep of Indian history. For instance, the story of Shivaji and Ramdas is depicted in one painting, while Guru Gobind Singh’s sacrifice is projected in another. Verses of poems by Kabir, Surdas and Ramdas also embellish the walls of the temple. The most interesting locationin this temple is the Gita Bhavan, which contains an exhibition of paintings that reflect upon certain important messages from the Bhagavada Gita. Verses from Upanishads are also inscribed, giving an overview of some profound philosophical messages. [3]

Thus, the spatial organization of the Birla temple underscores the ways temples have become carriers of spiritual values. They are no longer seen as purely ritual-oriented structures, and have become repositories of cultural wisdom, performing a very significant educational role.

Temples as Multi-purpose Centres: Chhatarpur

At the opposite end of the national capital, one finds another intriguing modern temple complex in Chhatarpur. Spread over sixty acres, the temple is dedicated to Goddess Katyayani, an incarnation of Goddess Durga. Architecturally, the temple seamlessly blends Nagara (North Indian) and Dravida (South Indian) styles and there are more than twenty shrines dedicated to a number of deities including Rama and Shiva. Sculptures of tigers and lions can be seen at the entrance of these temples, as can elephants. Elephants, as noted earlier, are symbolic of wisdom and physical strength, and several temples from ancient India too contain elephants on the plinths. On the opposite end of the Katyayani mandir stands a giant 10-feet Hanuman statue.

Chhatarpur has become a veritable temple town, but adding to the significance of this place are a school and a diagnostic centre. The Sant Nagpal Public School, affiliated with the CBSE board, is attached to the temple complex, while a few paces down the road, one can find the Sant Nagpal Diagnostic centre. Thus, temples are evidently intervening in such domains as education and health that are very high in the priorities of policy makers. [4]

Grama-devatas and Wayside shrines: Crystallisation of Communities.

But our sacred space isn’t only dominated by massive temples; there are a large number of wayside shrines that straddle the Indian subcontinent. Most of these temples do not subscribe to rigid architectural canons, and innovatively create a sacred environment. Many of these shrines gradually metamorphose into larger sacred entities.

However, a majority of shrines remain simple, unadorned and yet of profound significance for the common man. Many a times, trees or coconuts are also deified, and worshipping them before heading to workplace is almost a routinised practice in several parts of modern India. This is also tied to the philosophical concerns of Vedanta, as God is considered omnipresent, and this allows people to fulfill their devotional ambitions without traversing long distances. In the words of Diana Eck, “In the pilgrim’s India, we encounter over and over the powerful conception of a god who fills and exceeds the span of space and is simultaneously fully present in this very place.” (Eck 2012) Thus God is treated as transcendent, yet part of a devotee’s immediate reality. The installation of Shiva lingas in remote corners of the country attests to the popular notion that the divine can be discovered anywhere, if the devotee is willing to apprehend and perceive the divine presence. If one visits Aihole in Karnataka, a number of early medieval temples can be seen tucked away in a corner, maintained by some obscure merchant or fishing community. This consciousness in both the omnipresence and immediacy of the divine has passed down over the generations, and permeates modern Indian society to a great extent. This remarkable continuity attests to the deeper philosophical and spiritual pursuits of devotees in modern India.

Temples often become focal points for the crystallization of communities. This process is particularly notable in rural India, as almost 600,000 villages across the subcontinent have their own ‘grama-devatas’ (Bharne 2012: 164). Thus, in rural habitats, the temple isn’t primarily a sacred centre; the deity or grama-devata is synonymous with every facet of life in the village. All rivers, hills, fields and houses are part of the spirit of the grama-devata . Even otherwise, in rural India, temples are intertwined with the daily chores of village life. For instance, the majestic Sun temple in the village of Modhera in Gujarat, has a flight of steps leading to a tank (Kund) connected to the river Pushpavati. People come over here to bathe, wash clothes and also perform rituals during the festive seasons. Thus, the religious and social life of people in the village is intertwined, and temples act as socio-sacred nodes that sustain the spiritual and material requirements of villages.

Such informal and ‘plebian’ shrines also undergo innovations in urban contexts. Anthropologist Joanne Punzo Waghorne in his monumental study of Hindu temples in Chennai presents the case of a very intriguing temple in the Adyar neighbourhood of South Chennai. This is the Madhya Kailasa temple, and it houses a deity called ‘Shree Adhyantha Prabha’ . Half of the deity’s body is Lord Ganesha while the other half is Lord Hanuman, a one-of-its-kind combination to be found in the Indian subcontinent. Ganesha here embodies Aadhi (beginning), given that the elephant God is often associated with sound; while Hanuman embodies Anta (end), or breath, as he is the son of Vayu (wind god). This represents the notion that it is only with the fusion of life and death that ‘purnam’ (totality, complete life) can be attained. This is a very fascinating synthesis, without any precedent in the country. Waghorne’s conversations with devotees revealed that unlike other temples, devotees over here are allowed to perform kumbha-abhishekam (consecration of deity) by themselves, without the intervention of a priest. The devotees expressed their delight in being endowed with such authority and also stressed on the temple being open for ‘everyone’, regardless of sectarian or religious distinctions. This inclusiveness has to be marked out because the deity almost signals a fusion of Shiva and Vishnu; Ganesh as the son of Shiva and Hanuman, the companion of Lord Ram.

The Madhya Kailash temple is one among many other temples that reflect the creative freedom accorded to devotees within the Hindu tradition. This case also helps us realise the complex ways in which communities living in urban spaces craft their own understanding of the ‘sacred’, turning temples into spaces where new communities and identities get forged.

Reclamation of Sacred space: Somnath, Ayodhya

Somnath is a site of immense cultural significance. Situated close to the ancient port of Veraval, is associated with the pilgrimage site of Prabhasa. The Bhalka Tirtha, situated in proximity to the temple, is known to have been the place where Krishna left behind his human body. Prabhasa represents the confluence of three great rivers- Saraswati, Kapila and Hiranya, and this riverine association is a feature of any major temple in India. The temple in Somnath is considered to be the first among the 12 jyotirlingas found in the country. A temple dedicated to Lord Shiva was first constructed in Prabhasa somewhere around the 7th century AD, but was subjected to the iconoclastic zeal of Islamic invaders at least thrice in the course of thirteen centuries. This however, did not dampen the resolve of local kings, as temples continued to be erected (at a distance from the site of demolition) from time to time. Sardar Vallabhai Patel, India’s first Home Minister, strongly believed that Somnath was an integral component of India’s heritage; with profound implications for the lived reality of millions of devotees. After the accession of Junagadh in 1948, Patel resolved to restore the temple, and in this effort was supported by veteran educationist K.M. Munshi. The temple was completed within three years, and in May 1951, inaugurated, much to the chagrin of the Prime Minister J.L. Nehru, by the President of India, Rajendra Prasad. It is quite revealing that the restoration of the Somnath temple was among the first projects undertaken in independent India. Prasad’s statement during the consecration ceremony sums up the impulse behind this project- “The power of reconstruction is greater than the power of destruction.” (Pande et.al 2021: 120)

Ayodhya, the birthplace of Lord Ram, is presently witnessing the construction of a Ram temple that in many ways echoes the dual project of invoking a glorious scared heritage and capturing the ambitions of a bright national future. The town is believed to have been founded by Manu and ruled by Ikshvaku. The cultural memory of losing the Ram temple to invasive onslaughts by Mughal emperor Babur has profoundly impinged itself on the layered contemporary history of this site. The Ram Janmabhumi movement was carried forth with the singular agenda of resurrecting the Ram temple, and as temple construction gathers steam, a number of inferences can be made. The temple complex is projected to cover a whopping 1.35 lakh square feet of area. The three-storied complex will contain five domed mandapas and one shikhara, giving it a height of 151 feet. The chief architect of this temple is Chandrakantbhai Sompura whose grandfather Prabhakarji Sompura had designed the Somnath temple. The parallels that have been struck between Somnath and Ayodhya attest to a shared heritage of reclaiming sacred space. Interestingly, the architectural style of the proposed temple is also largely similar, as the Ram temple is being constructed in the Maru-Gurjara style that traces its roots to early medieval Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Rudra-Mahalaya temple of Gujarat, Khajuraho temple in Madhya Pradesh and five Jain temples in Dilwara have also been constructed in this style, characterized by “superimposed registers with lower bands of mouldings”. (Times of India, 2020). The temple will be having an open-air theatre, a library, a museum and a theatre centre, clearly on the lines of the majestic Akshardham temple. Cutting-edge modern technology will be harnessed to “offer a 3D experience of the sanctum sanctorum for pilgrims” (Indian Express, 2021). Moreover, a shed adjacent to the make-shift shrine already houses some of the key artefacts excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India that establish the Hindu claim over the site.

Though it remains to be seen whether the temple eventually incorporates all of these features, the very process of construction reveals conscious efforts to bestow it with a national character. A bell, weighing 613 kg, was wheeled all the way from Rameshwaram in 2020, and is set to be installed in the premises. The superstructure of the temple is being prepared using pink sandstone sourced from Bansi Paharpur in Rajasthan. Moreover, the fund collection drive carried out by the Ram Janmabhoomi Teertha kshatra ensured that people from every corner of the country could contribute at their discretion. Such efforts clearly bring to light the temple’s proposed status as an instrument of national integration. It can be surmised that the Ram Janmabhumi temple brings together some of the features discussed earlier with regard to modern Indian temples. It revives the glorious heritage of Hindu architecture, while neatly tying it with contemporary sensibilities. Ayodhya is being seen as a potential tourist hub, and the presence of a museum within the complex suggests that the Ram temple is primed to project India’s spiritual values to a larger audience. Moreover, new communities and market networks are bound to coalesce around this temple complex, making this structure a potential harbinger of social change.

This essay has presented the Hindu temple as a site of negotiation between cultural inheritance and modern aesthetic principles. The cosmological and philosophical ideas underlying construction of temples demonstrates that temples are not merely brick and mortar shrines, standing in isolation. They represent a concord between human anatomy and the larger sacred landscape, consisting of trees, rivers, mountains and other topographical features. Modern Indian temples like Swaminarayan Akshardham and Lakshminarayan (Birla) temple carry forth the rich philosophical and spiritual messages of yore in a modern idiom. They also illustrate the ways in which temple complexes have become conveyers of profound meaning and veritable educational institutes in themselves. In carrying forward the rich philosophical and civilizational ideals to have emerged in the subcontinent, temples- by their very existence- are doing the nation a great service. The imperative need to live in harmony with environment and cosmic forces can be reinforced through the architectural layout of temples. Thus, the construction of temples must be seen as a nation-building exercise rather than an activity having religious overtones.

References:

• Eck, Diana. India: A Sacred Geography (Harmony books, 2012) Eliade, Mircea. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of religion. (Harper One, 1968)
• Jain, Meenakshi. Flight of deities and rebirth of temples. (Aryan Books International, 2019)
• Kramrisch, Stella. The Hindu Temple Vol. 1 (University of Calcutta, 1946)
• Krusche, Krupali. Vinayak Bharne. Rediscovering the Hindu temple: The Sacred Architecture and urbanism of India (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012)
• Madan, T.N. (ed.) ‘Religion in India’ (Oxford University Press, 1999)
• Michelle, George. The Hindu Temple: An introduction to its meanings and forms (University of Chicago Press, 1988)
• Waghorne, Joanne Punzo. Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu temples in an Urban middle-class world (Oxford University Press, 2004)
• Pande, Vikrant, Manu Pillai, Haroon Khalid Et al. Where the Gods Dwell: Thirteen temples and their (hi)stories. (Westland, 2021)

Research papers:

• P.B. Singh, Rana. “Nature and Cosmic Integrity: A search in Hindu geographical thought.” GeoJournal 26 (1992): 139-147
• Singh, Kavita. “Temple of Eternal return: The Swaminarayan Akshardham complex in Delhi.” ArtibusAsiae 70, no. 1 (2010): 47–76.
• Singh, Amita. “Nature in art, architecture and landscape.”LandscapeResearch, UK, Vol. 20, No. 1 (1995)

Newspaper articles/reports:

• Sharda, Shailavee. ‘UP: Ramjanmabhoomi to house museum of excavated artefacts.” The Times of India. 20 July 2020 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ramjanmabhoomi-to-house-museum-of-excavated-artefacts/articleshow/77057037.cms
• Husain, Yusra. “Nagara style of architecture for Ayodhya’s Ram Temple.” The Times of India. 31 July, 2020 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/nagara-style-of-architecture-for-ayodhyas-ram-temple/articleshow/77272513.cms
• Google Arts and Culture, “Maru Gurjara style of Architecture.” https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/m%C4%81ru-gurjara-architecture/g11h7rn2zp7?hl=en
• PTI. “Pink stone from Rajasthan to be used for the construction of Ram temple structure in Ayodhya: sources”. The Economic Times. 9 September 2021 https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pink-stone-from-rajasthan-to-be-used-for-construction-of-ram-temple-structure-in-ayodhya-sources/articleshow/86067730.cms
• https://akshardham.com/explore/thematic-gardens/
• Seth, Maulshree. “Ram temple premises to have museum, open air theatre, library, research centre.” The Indian Express. 12 January 2021. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-premises-to-have-museum-open-air-theatre-library-research-centre-7143878/

[1] For a deeper reading into the nuances of India’s sacred geography, particularly from the perspective of pilgrimage and rituals, See Diana Eck, ‘India: A sacred geography’ (Harmony books, 2007), pp.1-43 [2] To know more about the philosophical ideas that constitute temples, see Vinayak Bharne, Krupali Krusche, ‘Rediscovering Hindu temple’ (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012), pp 1-19 [3] Observations based on a field visit to the Lakshminarayan (Birla) temple, Connaught circle, New Delhi. [4] Observations based on a field visit to the Chhatarpur temple complex

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Home / Essay Samples / Religion / Hinduism / The Role Of A Temple In Hinduism

The Role Of A Temple In Hinduism

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