course education level

Quick Guide: Your College Degree Options

Find the right college for you.

There are generally four categories of college degrees: associate degree, bachelor’s degree, graduate degree, and doctorate or professional degree. Each category comes with its own particular subcategories, and there are some subtle differences between a doctorate and a professional degree.

If you ever find yourself lost in the sea of abbreviations for degrees, you're not alone. This quick guide is here to clear the air regarding the types of degrees available to you and what each one means.

Guide to College Degrees, Professional Studies & Certifications

Associate degree.

An associate degree is a two-year degree typically offered at community colleges, technical colleges, and career colleges. However, some four-year universities offer them as well. Examples of some associate degrees include Associate of Arts (AA) and Associate of Science (AS).

AS degrees are generally more narrowly focused and prepare students for science and math-related careers. AA degrees are broader and focus on fields outside of math and science such as liberal arts, business administration, criminal justice, and culinary arts.

Some students who earn an associate degree transfer to a four-year program to earn a bachelor’s degree. Others complete associate degrees and then go straight to work.

Bachelor's or Baccalaureate Degree

Bachelor’s degrees require students to complete four- or five-year programs in a specific academic discipline. The two most common types of bachelor’s degrees are bachelor of arts (BA) and bachelor of science (BS). Other types of bachelor’s degrees include the bachelor of fine arts (BFA), and bachelor of architecture (BArch).

Because bachelor’s degrees train students to enter a specific field, many professional careers require them. Earning a bachelor’s degree can open the door to many job opportunities and increase your potential income.

Some institutions offer a liberal arts and career combination program, also called a 3-2 program. This is a type of dual degree in which a student completes three years of liberal arts study followed by two years of professional or technical study. In the end, students earn two bachelor’s degrees, usually a BA and a BS.

An example of this is Columbia University’s 3-2 Combined Plan program in which students can earn a BA and a BS in five years.

Some colleges also let you earn a teacher certification by combining bachelor's degree study with state certification requirements. State requirements vary, but these programs usually feature professional education courses, including student teaching.

Graduate Degree

Graduate degrees are advanced degrees that some students pursue after earning a bachelor’s degree. The two most common are master of arts (MA) and master of science (MS). Other examples include master of fine arts (MFA) and master of business administration (MBA). A graduate degree is like an extension of a bachelor’s degree whereby a student further enriches their knowledge of their field and narrows their f ocus of study .

Graduate degrees usually take around two years to attain, but this can vary based on the degree. Many institutions allow students to enroll in a graduate program in a field unrelated to their bachelor’s degree. This may require some extra credit hours, though.

Professional Degree

Students earn professional degrees to become licensed to work in professions like medicine or law. The M.D. degree is an example. Professional programs generally require a college degree before you start them and then at least three years of study to complete.

Doctoral Degree and Professional Degree

The doctorate and professional degrees are the highest levels of education one can attain. They signify mastery of a subject and often come with the coveted title “doctor.” Although the two are similar, there are some important differences.

A doctorate or doctoral degree is a research-oriented degree focused on scholarly development. The most common doctorate is the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Despite the name, a PhD covers many disciplines, not just philosophy.

A professional degree is an application-oriented degree, meaning it prepares students for a specific working position. There are many types of professional degrees. Some examples are: doctor of medicine (MD), doctor of pharmacy (PharmD), and doctor of medicine in dentistry (DMD) in the field of medicine, and juris doctor (JD) and doctor of juridical science (SJD) in the field of law.

A graduate degree does not need to precede a doctorate or professional degree. Often, students will go straight into a doctorate or professional program following their bachelor’s, however some programs will require a master’s degree to gain entry. Completion can take anywhere from four to eight years, depending on the field of study.

Many doctoral students work either full-time or part-time while they study in the program. This, along with the field they are studying, will significantly affect the time it takes to complete their degree.

Joint Degrees

Some students may choose to pursue a joint degree, also known as a dual degree, which means they simultaneously study for a bachelor’s degree and a graduate degree. Joint degrees can be pursued in the same college or can be split between two different colleges. For example, Berklee College of Music and Harvard University offer a dual bachelor’s/master’s program in which a student receives a bachelor of arts (BA) at Harvard and a master of music (MM) or master of arts (MA) at Berklee.

Depending on the program, it may be possible to study at the same time for a master's degree and a doctorate. For example, the University of Southern California offers a program leading to doctor of pharmacy and master of public health degrees.

How do academic degrees go in order?

There are four types of degrees. In order of level of education, they rank as associate degree, bachelor’s degree, master’s or graduate degrees, and doctorate or professional degrees.

How many degrees are there in college?

Most community colleges offer only two-year associate degrees, while most four-year colleges offer bachelor’s, graduate, and doctorate or professional degrees. Some four-year colleges may also have associate degree programs.

How many years do you have to be in college to achieve certain degrees?

Though it will vary between academic disciplines, associate degrees usually take two years to achieve, bachelor’s degrees take four years, master’s degrees take two years, and doctorate or professional degrees can take anywhere from four to eight years.

What is an eight-year degree?

An “eight-year degree” typically refers to a doctorate degree or PhD. Although some doctorates can be completed in as little as three years, these degrees typically require more time studying highly specialized subjects. Students in these programs often must defend a dissertation while already working a professional job.

What are the four years of college called?

The first four years of college are the undergraduate years, and a student studying for a bachelor’s degree is called an undergraduate. The four years refer to the total accumulated credit hours; a student may take fewer or more than four years to attain their undergraduate degree.

What does a graduate degree mean?

A graduate degree or master’s degree is an advanced degree that some students pursue after earning a bachelor’s degree. Earning a graduate degree signifies mastery of a particular field of study and focuses more intensely on a subject than a bachelor’s degree does. Graduate degrees usually take two years to attain.

What do you call a master's student?

A master's student is called a graduate student or “grad student” for short. A student still studying for a bachelor’s degree is called an undergraduate student or “undergrad student.”

How many years is a master's degree?

Graduate degrees usually take around two years to attain, but this can vary based on the degree. Many institutions allow students to enroll in a graduate program in a field unrelated to their bachelor’s degree, although it may require some extra credit hours.

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By Nik Taylor (Editor, The Uni Guide) | 19 October 2023 | 5 min read

Education levels and qualifications explained

A short guide to understanding different types of qualification, what they are and how they relate to one another

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What are education levels?

What are GCSEs?

What are as-levels, what are a-levels, what are btecs, what are t-levels.

T-levels are a new qualification (launched in 2020) which students can choose to take after GCSEs. A T-level is a two-year course which focuses on developing workplace skills and knowledge. Students spend some of their time learning at school or college, along with time spent on a work placement. In terms of workload, one T-level is intended to be roughly equivalent to three A-levels.

What are Ucas points?

What is the international baccalaureate, what is an apprenticeship.

What is an HNC?

What is an hnd, what is a degree, what is an undergraduate degree, what is a master’s degree, what is a phd degree or doctorate, you may want to look at these..., what is a red brick university list of red brick universities.

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From Associate to Doctorate: A Complete Guide to College Degree Levels

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Are you ready to discover your college program?

Considering a college degree? First, you’ll have to understand the types of degrees and college degree levels.

Different degrees prepare you for different career paths. For example, you can’t become a psychologist with just a bachelor’s degree — you’d need a master’s or doctorate in psychology. And you usually can’t become an engineer without at least a bachelor’s degree.

Typically, as your university degree level rises, your earning potential increases, and the unemployment rate decreases. That’s one more reason it’s important to understand the different types of degrees.

What Types of Degrees Are There in College?

There are many types of degrees you can earn in college. College degree levels can be broken down into two categories: undergraduate degrees and graduate degrees.

Here are the college degrees in order, from lowest ranking to highest:

• Associate degree (undergraduate)
• Bachelor’s degree (undergraduate)
• Master’s degree (graduate)
• Doctoral degree (graduate)

While a doctorate is the highest education level, some fields may stop at a master’s. The phrase “terminal degree” refers to the highest degree in a field.

A professional degree is a type of graduate degree — often a doctorate — that prepares you for a professional career in fields like law and medicine.

Popular Online Programs

Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.

Associate Degree

• Typical Program Length: 1-2 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 60

Most associate degrees prepare you to enter the workforce immediately upon graduation. These programs can be found at community and technical colleges and typically last 1-2 years.

An associate degree can also serve as the foundation for a bachelor’s program. You may even be able to transfer some of the credits you earned for your associate degree toward a four-year degree.

Some associate degrees require you to complete an internship or practicum in addition to taking classes. This is particularly common among healthcare and tech degrees.

To apply for an associate degree program , you’ll need a high school diploma or equivalent, like a GED certificate. Some schools may require you to submit standardized test scores, such as the ACT or the SAT, as well.

Featured Associate Programs

What can you do with an associate degree.

An associate degree prepares you for vocational, allied health, and support roles. For example, you can become a medical assistant , paralegal , or vet tech with an associate degree.

The highest-paying careers with an associate degree pay over $80,000 per year. See the table below for salary information on other popular associate degree jobs.

Source: BLS

Types of Associate Degrees

Colleges can offer three kinds of associate degrees:

• Associate of Arts (AA)
• Associate of Science (AS)
• Associate of Applied Science (AAS)

Arts, humanities, and creative fields typically offer an AA, whereas social sciences and natural sciences fields often award an AS. Many applied and vocational programs offer an AAS degree.

The type of degree matters if you’re planning to transfer into a bachelor’s program. Colleges normally offer fewer transfer credits for an AAS degree.

Popular Associate Degrees

• Business Administration
• Business Management
• Computer Science
• Criminal Justice
• Cybersecurity
• Early Childhood Education
• Graphic Design
• Healthcare Management
• Information Technology
• Medical Assisting
• Medical Billing and Coding
• Pre-Nursing
• Social Work

Bachelor’s Degree

• Typical Program Length: 4 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 120

A bachelor’s degree prepares you for many career paths. You’ll generally spend four years earning a bachelor’s degree at a college or university. You’ll take general education classes and courses in your major . You can also choose a minor.

Some colleges offer accelerated bachelor’s programs , which take less time — often 2-3 years. Degree-completion programs can also speed up the timeline by awarding you credit for previous college coursework.

You can earn your bachelor’s degree online as well. An online degree from an accredited college meets the same standards as that of an in-person degree.

You’ll need a high school diploma for admission and may also need to submit SAT or ACT scores.

Featured Bachelor’s Programs

What can you do with a bachelor’s degree.

In diverse industries like business, tech, and education, a bachelor’s degree can prepare you for many entry-level careers. Some of the highest-paying jobs with a bachelor’s degree include roles in finance, management, and tech.

Graduates with a four-year degree can also benefit from high demand in many lucrative fields, like software development and engineering. The table below introduces some popular jobs with a bachelor’s degree.

Types of Bachelor’s Degrees

You can earn a bachelor’s degree in many fields. Some of the most common types of bachelor’s degrees you’ll see include:

• Bachelor of Arts (BA)
• Bachelor of Science (BS)
• Bachelor of Applied Arts (BAA)
• Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS)
• Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.)
• Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
• Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA)
• Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)

The two most popular degrees are a BA and a BS. These degrees cover all arts and sciences majors and some education and engineering degrees.

Popular Bachelor’s Degrees

• Civil Engineering
• Communication
• Computer Programming
• Health Informatics
• Health Sciences
• Human Resources
• Mathematics
• Organizational Psychology
• Political Science
• Public Policy
• Supply Chain and Logistics

Master’s Degree

• Typical Program Length: 1-3 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 30

A master’s degree can help you gain specialized skills and qualify for higher-paying roles. As a graduate student, you’ll work closely with experts in your field to explore advanced topics.

While a master’s degree typically takes two years, some universities offer accelerated one-year master’s programs. You can also enroll in a bachelor’s-to-master’s program to earn both a bachelor’s and master’s degree in less time.

Most master’s programs require a minimum of 30 credits. Admission and graduation requirements vary depending on the program. For example, many arts and sciences master’s programs require GRE scores , while business programs typically require GMAT scores .

Featured Master’s Programs

What can you do with a master’s degree.

With a master’s degree, you can qualify for management-level careers and specialized roles in industries like healthcare, research, and social services. The highest-paying master’s degrees include MBAs and nurse practitioner degrees.

Learn more about the earning potential and demand for popular master’s degree jobs below.

Types of Master’s Degrees

Here are some of the most common types of master’s degrees you can earn:

• Master of Arts (MA)
• Master of Science (MS)
• Master of Business Administration (MBA)
• Master of Education (M.Ed.)
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA)
• Master of Laws (LL.M.)
• Master of Public Administration (MPA)
• Master of Public Health (MPH)
• Master of Public Policy (MPP)
• Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
• Master of Social Work (MSW)

An MA and an MS are among the most popular master’s degrees. Humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences fields typically award an MA or an MS. Other popular options include an MBA and an M.Ed.

Popular Master’s Degrees

• Creative Writing
• Data Science
• Engineering
• Healthcare Administration
• Library and Information Science
• Network Security
• Public Health
• Supply Chain Management

Doctoral Degrees

• Typical Program Length: 2-10 years
• Typical Number of Credits: Varies

A doctorate represents the highest degree you can get in academia. There are a few types of doctoral degrees you can get.

Professional doctorates train you for a professional career. For example, law school and med school are two common professional paths. A Ph.D., on the other hand — by far one of the most common types of doctorates — emphasizes theory and research.

In a doctoral program, you’ll take graduate-level seminars and courses, take comprehensive exams, conduct original research, and defend a dissertation in front of a faculty committee.

Most applied doctorates take 3-5 years, while a Ph.D. typically requires 4-6 years of coursework. In certain fields, you can earn your doctorate online.

Some doctoral programs require a master’s degree for admission, whereas others admit applicants with just a bachelor’s degree. You may need to submit standardized test scores depending on the program.

Featured Doctoral Programs

What can you do with a doctorate.

If you want to become a physician , professor , or lawyer, you’ll need a doctorate. In many fields, a doctorate translates into higher salaries. Lawyers, pharmacists , and physicists all report median salaries of over $125,000 per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

The following table shows the earning potential and demand for popular doctoral degree jobs.

Types of Doctoral Degrees

A doctorate is the highest education level, but there are still several types of doctoral degrees. Here are some of the most common you can get:

• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
• Doctor of Medicine (MD)
• Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)
• Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)
• Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)
• Juris Doctor (JD)

A Ph.D. is the most popular doctorate. You can earn a Ph.D. in many arts and sciences fields. Other doctorates take their names from the career path associated with the degree.

Popular Doctoral Degrees

• Curriculum and Instruction
• Educational Administration
• Educational Leadership
• Human Services
• Legal Studies
• Organizational Leadership
• Public Administration

Frequently Asked Questions About College Degree Levels

What are the four types of college degrees.

The four types of college degrees are associate degrees, bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, and doctoral degrees. Colleges classify associate and bachelor’s degrees as undergraduate degrees and master’s and doctoral degrees as graduate degrees.

Within those categories, you can earn many types of degrees. For instance, at the bachelor’s level, you could earn a bachelor of arts (BA), a bachelor of science (BS), or a bachelor of fine arts (BFA) degree.

What is a four-year college degree called?

A four-year college degree is called a bachelor’s degree. Another term for this degree type is a baccalaureate degree.

Many careers require a bachelor’s degree for entry-level roles. For example, most careers in business require you to hold a bachelor’s degree. Many roles in tech, education, the public sector, and engineering also require you to have a four-year degree.

Some career paths require a specific major. In many states, you’ll need a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) to become a registered nurse . In other fields, your specific major matters less than the quality of your skills.

What is the highest degree?

The highest degree is a doctorate, also called a doctoral degree. In terms of university degree levels, both master’s and bachelor’s degrees rank below doctorates.

You can earn a doctorate in a wide array of fields, including the social sciences, business, the humanities, education, engineering, and healthcare.

In some fields, however, a master’s degree represents the terminal, or highest, degree. For instance, a master of fine arts (MFA) is the terminal degree for creative writing.

What is the hardest college degree?

Most would agree that the hardest college degree is a doctorate. As the highest education level, a doctorate requires significant expertise in the field.

Many Ph.D. programs take six years or more and require you to write a book-length dissertation based on original research.

Because a doctorate represents the top of the university degree levels, it’s a relatively uncommon degree. Only around 2% of U.S. adults held a doctorate in 2022, according to the U.S. Census Bureau .

What is the quickest degree?

The fastest degree you can get is either a one-year associate degree or a one-year master’s degree. While other types of degrees typically take a minimum of two years, you can earn a master’s degree in one year with an accelerated or fast-track program.

You can sometimes add a master’s degree to your bachelor’s through a 4+1 program, also known as a bachelor’s-to-master’s program. In this case, some of your coursework counts toward both your undergraduate and graduate degrees, meaning you’ll spend an additional year in college to leave with a master’s degree.

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Level of Education Meaning: Educational Attainment from School to Doctorate (Highest Degree)

Understanding formal educational journey can be like exploring a vast, multi-layered map, with each level of education marking a distinct territory of knowledge, skills and abilities.

From the initial steps taken in elementary education to the specialised heights reached in doctoral studies, understanding the meaning behind each educational level is crucial.

This article aims to explore these levels and the significance they hold in an individual’s academic and professional journey. By unraveling the essence of each educational stage, we provide a clearer path for learners to chart their course through the world of academia and beyond.

The Education System:

Here is data from World Bank, Gender Statistics (based on multiple sources) about the enrollment rates for each level of study by regions of the world.

The data on educational enrollment trends reveals significant regional disparities in primary, secondary, and tertiary education over the years.

• Africa shows a steady increase in primary enrollment rates, but secondary and tertiary enrollments remain relatively low compared to other regions.
• The Americas and Europe consistently exhibit high enrollment rates across all educational levels, with Europe leading in tertiary education.
• Asia demonstrates substantial growth in primary and secondary enrollments, with notable improvements in tertiary education in recent years.
• Oceania maintains high enrollment rates, particularly in primary education, while other regions show varied trends.

Overall, the data highlights the progress and ongoing challenges in achieving universal education across different regions.

Elementary Education (Early Childhood Education)

Elementary education is the foundational stage in the formal education system, typically covering kindergarten through fifth or sixth grade, depending on the country and region.

Completing this level equips students with basic skills in:

• writing, and
• mathematics.

Students also have an introduction to sciences, social studies, and often a second language. This phase is crucial as it lays the groundwork for all future learning, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving abilities from a young age. 

In the U.S., for instance, a strong emphasis is placed on creating a supportive learning environment that caters to the developmental needs of children.

Successfully completing elementary education means a child is prepared to transition to secondary education, where they will build on this foundational knowledge.

It signifies the end of the initial compulsory phase of schooling, setting the stage for more specialised and advanced learning in high school and beyond.

Secondary Education – High School Education

Secondary education, often spanning from sixth or seventh to twelfth grade, bridges the gap between elementary schooling and higher education. Completing this level means you’ve acquired a high school diploma, a key milestone in formal education.

This stage introduces more specialised subjects, often allowing students to choose electives based on their interests. These may include subjects like:

• advanced sciences,
• mathematics,
• literature, and
• social studies

For many, it’s a time to explore potential career paths, with schools offering vocational training alongside traditional academic courses.

In the U.S., for instance, secondary education includes various programs like AP courses or dual enrollment options, which can earn college credit.

Successfully graduating from high school prepares students for the next steps in their educational journey, whether it’s:

• enrolling in a college or university for an undergraduate degree,
• entering a vocational program, or
• jumping straight into the workforce.

It signifies a level of education that equips individuals with both the academic and social skills needed to navigate the complexities of adult life and the professional world.

Undergraduate / Bachelor Degree – Post-secondary Education

An undergraduate degree marks a significant milestone in higher education, typically following secondary education. It’s the first level of university education, leading to a bachelor’s degree .

This achievement indicates that you’ve successfully completed a program of study in a specific field, like science, arts, or engineering, at a college or university.

For many, it’s a passport to professional careers or a stepping stone to advanced degrees.

In the U.S., obtaining an undergraduate degree usually involves a mix of general education courses and major-specific classes. This structure ensures a well-rounded education while allowing deep dives into areas of interest.

For example, a bachelor’s in science might require courses in:

• physics, and
• electives in humanities or social sciences.

Completing this level of education means you’ve developed critical thinking, problem-solving, and specialized knowledge in your field.

The journey to an undergraduate degree varies, typically taking four years, but can extend depending on the program or if you’re pursuing a double major or a professional degree.

Graduating with this degree opens doors to various career paths, qualifies you for certain professional certifications, or can be the prerequisite for entering graduate programs, such as a master’s or doctoral degree.

It’s a significant step that prepares you for the challenges and opportunities of the professional world or further academic pursuits.

Masters Degree Program

A master’s degree represents an advanced level of education that follows an undergraduate degree . It signifies a deeper specialization in a particular field, whether it’s in the arts, sciences, business, or another area.

Completing this degree means you’ve engaged in intensive study and possibly research, culminating in a thesis or comprehensive examination.

For instance, someone with a bachelor’s in psychology might pursue a Master of Science (M.Sc.) to specialize in clinical psychology. This path typically involves:

• coursework,
• practical training, and
• a research project or thesis that contributes new insights to the field, meeting the criteria for a graduate degree.

Similarly, an MBA (Master of Business Administration) prepares graduates for leadership roles in business, combining theoretical knowledge with practical business skills.

Earning a master’s degree can change your career trajectory, opening doors to higher-level positions, increased earning potential, and in some cases, a prerequisite for doctoral studies.

It usually takes one to two years to complete, but this can vary depending on the type of degree and whether you study full-time or part-time.

Graduating with a master’s degree not only enhances your expertise but also demonstrates a commitment to personal and professional development. It’s a significant achievement that sets you apart in the job market, equipping you with advanced knowledge and skills in your chosen field.

Doctoral Degree – Highest Level Of Education

Achieving a doctoral degree is the pinnacle of academic success, representing the highest level of education in various fields, from science to humanities.

This degree signifies not just years of study but a significant contribution to your field through original research.

Completing a doctorate means you’ve conducted a comprehensive study, culminating in a dissertation that presents new knowledge or insights, capable of influencing future research and practice.

For instance, in the U.S., a doctoral candidate in environmental science might spend years studying the impacts of climate change on coastal ecosystems, contributing valuable data and strategies for conservation.

Similarly, a doctoral program in education could lead to groundbreaking methodologies in teaching and learning, shaping future educational practices.

Earning a doctoral degree is a rigorous process, typically involving:

• examinations, and
• a lengthy dissertation process.

It requires a deep commitment to research and scholarship, often under the guidance of experienced mentors and advisors. This journey not only hones your expertise in a specific area but also develops a wide range of skills, from critical thinking to problem-solving.

Graduates with a doctoral degree often pursue careers in academia, research, or high-level industry positions, where they can continue to influence and innovate within their profession.

Completing this degree opens doors to opportunities for leadership, teaching, and advanced research, making it a transformative step in both personal and professional development.

Education Level Meaning Explained

Each level of education serves as a building block in the vast architecture of learning, marking significant milestones in an individual’s academic and professional journey.

From the foundational knowledge gained in elementary education to the specialised skills acquired through secondary schooling, and the advanced insights developed during undergraduate and postgraduate studies, each stage prepares learners for the challenges and opportunities ahead.

Understanding the meaning and significance of these educational levels not only helps in appreciating the journey but also in making informed decisions about one’s career path and life goals, ultimately shaping a more informed, skilled, and adaptable society.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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What qualification levels mean

England, wales and northern ireland.

There are 9 qualification levels.

Entry level

Each entry level qualification is available at three sub-levels - 1, 2 and 3. Entry level 3 is the most difficult.

Entry level qualifications are:

• entry level award
• entry level certificate ( ELC )
• entry level diploma
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Systems of higher education in France and Germany

The system of higher education in great britain.

• The system of higher education in the United States
• The system of higher education in Russia
• Contemporary issues

higher education

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• UNESCO - What you need to know about higher education
• National Center for Biotechnology Information - Higher Education and the Demands of the Twenty-First Century
• Academia - Understanding the purpose of higher education: An analysis of the economic and social benefits for completing a college degree
• Table Of Contents

higher education , any of various types of education given in postsecondary institutions of learning and usually affording, at the end of a course of study, a named degree , diploma, or certificate of higher studies . Higher-educational institutions include not only universities and colleges but also various professional schools that provide preparation in such fields as law , theology , medicine , business, music , and art . Higher education also includes teacher-training schools, junior colleges, and institutes of technology. The basic entrance requirement for most higher-educational institutions is the completion of secondary education , and the usual entrance age is about 18 years. ( See also college ; university .)

(Read Arne Duncan’s Britannica essay on “Education: The Great Equalizer.”)

The system of higher education had its origin in Europe in the Middle Ages, when the first universities were established. In modern times the nature of higher education around the world has been largely determined by the models established in influential countries such as France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States .

Both France and Germany have systems of higher education that are basically administered by state agencies. Entrance requirements for students are also similar in both countries. In France an examination called the baccalauréat is given at the end of secondary education. Higher education in France is free and open to all students who have passed this examination. A passing mark admits students to a preparatory first year at a university, which terminates in another, more rigorous examination. Success in this examination allows students to attend universities for another three or four years until they have attained the first university degree, called a licence in France.

Basic differences, however, distinguish these two countries’ systems. French educational districts, called académies, are under the direction of a rector, an appointee of the national government who also is in charge of the university in each district. The uniformity in curriculum throughout the country leaves each university with little to distinguish itself. Hence, many students prefer to go to Paris, where there are better accommodations and more cultural amenities for students. Another difference is the existence in France of higher-educational institutions known as grandes écoles , which provide advanced professional and technical training. Most of these schools are not affiliated with the universities, although they too recruit their students by giving competitive examinations to candidates who possess a baccalauréat. The various grandes écoles provide a rigorous training in all branches of applied science and technology, and their diplomas have a somewhat higher standing than that of the ordinary licence .

In Germany, a country made up of what were once strong principalities, the regional universities have autonomy in determining their curriculum under the direction of rectors elected from within. Students in Germany change universities according to their interests and the strengths of each university. In fact, it is a custom for students to attend two, three, or even four different universities in the course of their undergraduate studies, and the majority of professors at a particular university may have taught in four or five others. This marked degree of mobility means that schemes of study and examination are marked by a freedom and individuality unknown in France.

Each of these countries has influenced higher education in other nations. The French, either through colonial influence or through the work of missionaries, introduced many aspects of their system in North and West Africa, the Caribbean, and the Far East. In the 1870s Japan’s growing university system was remodeled along French lines. France’s grandes écoles have been especially copied as models of technical schools. German influence has come about through philosophical concepts regarding the role of universities. The Germans were the first to stress the importance of universities as research facilities, and they also created a sense of them as emblems of a national mind. The doctoral degree, or Ph.D., invented in Germany, has gained popularity in systems around the world.

The autonomy of higher-educational institutions is strikingly pronounced in Great Britain. Its universities enjoy almost complete autonomy from national or local government in their administration and the determination of their curricula, despite the fact that the schools receive nearly all of their funding from the state. Entry requirements for British universities are rather complicated. A student must secure a General Certificate of Education (corresponding to the French baccalauréat ) by taking examinations in various subjects and receiving passing marks in them. The greater the number of “advanced level” passes, rather than General Certificate of Secondary Education (formerly “ordinary level”) passes, that a student acquires , the better his chances are of entering the university of his choice. (Britain has a centralized admissions bureau to which candidates for admission are able to give their choice of universities in an order of preference.) This selective admission to universities, combined with the close supervision of students through a tutorial system, makes it possible for most British undergraduates to complete a degree course in three years rather than the standard four years. Great Britain’s academic programs are more highly specialized than their European continental counterparts. Most undergraduates follow an “honours” course (leading to an honours degree) in one or, at the most, two subjects, while the remaining minority of students take “pass” courses that cover a variety of subjects. Great Britain’s model of higher education has been copied to varying degrees in Canada , Australia , India, South Africa , New Zealand , and other former British colonial territories in Africa, Southeast Asia , and the Pacific.

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Harvard Bok Higher Education Teaching Certificate

Create a collaborative learning environment.

Explore Higher Education Teaching and its practices offered by Harvard’s Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning to create an engaging learning environment.

What You'll Learn

The Higher Education Teaching Certificate, inspired by the in-person seminar program currently offered by Harvard’s Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning, provides you with effective postsecondary education teaching methods. Over eight weeks, you’ll engage deeply with, and reflect on, your practices, portfolio, and journey in the higher education field. Guided by experts, you’ll explore various approaches to pedagogy, discover the most relevant research on how students learn, and broaden your range of teaching skills. Learn how to adopt a more conscious, collaborative, and refined approach to your teaching practice. 

The course will be delivered via Get Smarter .  By the end of the course, participants will be able to:

• Apply rapport-building techniques to create a positive, supportive, and inclusive postsecondary education learning environment
• Deliver an effective, memorable lesson that bridges the knowledge gap between yourself and your students
• Raise your institutional profile as a reflective teacher through effective third-level education teaching practices
• Implement practical strategies for classroom management and lesson planning

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Your Instructors

Robert A. Lue

Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University Read full bio.

Adam Beaver

Director of Pedagogy and Practice, The Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning at Harvard University Read full bio.

Pamela Pollock

Director of Professional Development, The Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning at Harvard University Read full bio.

David Levari

Postdoctoral Research Associate at Harvard Business School Read full bio. 

Course Outline

• Orientation module: Welcome to your Online Campus
• Module 1: How knowledge is constructed
• Module 2: How learning works
• Module 3: Building rapport
• Module 4: Lesson planning and delivery
• Module 5: Engaging students
• Module 6: Course and assignment design
• Module 7: Using feedback to improve your teaching
• Module 8: Teaching portfolio preparation

Learner Testimonial

“This course strengthened my approach to become a more reflective practitioner who employs the latest evidence-based practices in order to serve diverse learners. It provided much-needed pause and reflection as an integral part of my professional development. I refined my tools as an experienced educator, added new tools to my repertoire as a practitioner, and connected with professionals working in similar fields. We spent countless hours giving each other feedback and offering perspectives on materials presented by the instructors. The platform was easy to navigate and well-designed, utilizing the latest evidence-based principles for teaching and learning in the information age.”

Octaviano Merecias-Cuevas OHSU Lead Trainer, Center for Diversity and Inclusion

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Enroll today in Harvard Bok Higher Education Teaching Certificate on GetSmarter.

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How many students are taking dual enrollment courses in high school new national, state, and college-level data.

Last week, the U.S. Department of Education released new data that, for the first time ever, provide college-level counts of the number of high school dual enrollment students, disaggregated by race/ethnicity and gender. The provisional release of these new data represents years of effort among dozens of organizations pushing for better dual enrollment data. In this post, I detail a first look at this new information.

What is the size and significance of dual enrollment across postsecondary sectors and states?

Nationally, community colleges enrolled the majority of high school dual enrollment students, followed by public four-year and private nonprofit four-year colleges. For community colleges, the 1.78 million high school dual enrollment students represented 21% of total enrollments during the 2022-23 year (8.6 million in total). Two hundred forty thousand high school students took dual enrollment at the 10 largest dual enrollment colleges alone, and of these top 10, eight were community colleges.

As shown below, the size of high school dual enrollment at community colleges differed substantially across states. For example, in Idaho and Indiana, high schoolers represented the majority of community college enrollments in 2022-23, and in eight other states dual enrollment made up a third or more of total community college enrollment. At 37 community colleges across the country, 50% or more of enrollment was from high school dual enrollment.

Compared to undergraduate students overall, how representative are dual enrollment students by race/ethnicity and gender?

Compared to undergraduates overall, Black and Hispanic students were underrepresented nationally in dual enrollment during 2022-23, echoing our previous analysis of national K-12 data. White students were overrepresented in dual enrollment, accounting for 52% of high school dual enrollment compared to 45% of undergraduate enrollment overall (and 44% of K-12 enrollment).

Black students, which made up 13% of undergraduate enrollment and 15% of public K-12 enrollment, comprised only 8% of high school dual enrollment. Black students were underrepresented in dual enrollment in every state except for Massachusetts. And Black students had equal or greater representation in dual enrollment at only 74 community colleges—fewer than one in ten community colleges serving dual enrollment students nationally.

Hispanic/Latino students made up 22% of undergraduate enrollment (and 29% of public K-12 enrollment) but only 20% of high school dual enrollment. Hispanic/Latino students had greater or equal representation in dual enrollment in 18 states and at more than a third of community colleges nationally.

One caveat is that, nationally, more dual enrollment students were reported with unknown race/ethnicity (9%) compared to undergraduates overall (5%), muddying the picture somewhat. Similar to undergraduates overall, men were underrepresented among dual enrollment students nationally (43%).

In the dashboard below, you can select your college or your state and identify the number of dual enrollment students, consider the size of dual enrollment as a percentage of overall undergraduate enrollment, and compare the racial/ethnic and gender representation of dual enrollment students to that of undergraduate enrollments overall.

How does your state compare to others in dual enrollment size and representation?

The top five states for dual enrollment by size—California, Texas, New York, Indiana, and Florida—together reported nearly 900,000 dual enrollments, about a third of dual enrollment nationally. California, Texas, and Florida enrolled the largest numbers of Hispanic or Latino dual enrollment students, and Texas, Florida, and Georgia enrolled the largest numbers of Black dual enrollment students.

In the dashboard below, you can look across states to compare the percentage of dual enrollment as a share of overall undergraduate enrollment (shown in the map), see states ranked in order of the number of high schoolers enrolled in dual enrollment, and compare racial/ethnic composition of dual enrollment across states and to the U.S. overall.

How does participation in dual enrollment vary among colleges in your state?

In the dashboard below, you can look within your state to compare the size and demographic breakdown of dual enrollment students across colleges. Select your state to view all of the postsecondary institutions, the size of their dual enrollment programs, the significance of dual enrollment as a share of their undergraduate headcount, and dual enrollment counts disaggregated by race/ethnicity and gender.

Implications of the new data

Given decades of research documenting the positive benefits of participating in dual enrollment coursework on high school and postsecondary outcomes, the growth of these programs has great potential to expand college and career opportunity for high school students across the country. And yet gaps in access to dual enrollment for Black, Hispanic, low-income, and other underserved groups persist in preventing these programs from fully realizing their potential. But, as we have learned in our dual enrollment equity pathways research, it is not only possible to broaden the benefits of dual enrollment but also increasingly important for college business models to rethink the conventional approach, sometimes described as “programs of privilege” or “random acts” of dual enrollment. These new data can help to motivate and guide reform efforts by providing public, college- and state-level, disaggregated data for practitioners and policymakers seeking to rethink dual enrollment as a more equitable and effective on-ramp to career-path postsecondary education for students.

About the author

John Fink is a senior research associate and program lead at the Community College Research Center.

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California Masters in Education Programs

The Golden State of California has always been known for its great colleges and universities. Because it is by far the most populous US state, there is always a very high demand for professional educators at every level and in all specialty areas.

We have assembled a list of all schools in California offering nationally accredited Master’s degrees in Education for your convenience. There are a variety of degrees available (Master of Arts, Master of Arts in Teaching, Master of Science, Master of Eduction, etc.)

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• Teaching (Concentrations in K-8, 7-12, and K-12 Education)
• Special Education (Concentrations available in Mild to Moderate Disabilities and Moderate to Severe Disabilities)
• Digital Teaching and Learning (Concentrations available in Mild to Moderate Disabilities and Moderate to Severe Disabilities)
• Educational Counseling/School Counseling
• Educational Psychology/School Psychology
• Educational and Clinical Counseling
• School Librarianship
• Digital Teaching and Learning

Additionally, Azusa Pacific offers a Master of Science in College Counseling and Student Development.

Master of Arts programs are offered in the following specialization areas:

• Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
• Physical Education
• Educational Technology
• Educational Technology and Learning
• Educational Leadership
• Leadership and Organizational Studies
• Global Leadership

Azusa Pacific offers a Master of Music Education with concentrations in instrumental or choral/vocal music.

The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education National Association of School Psychologists

901 East Alosta Avenue PO Box 7000 Azusa, CA 91702 (626) 969-3434

California Lutheran University School of Education

• Deaf and Hard of Hearing
• Counseling and Guidance: Pupil Personnel Services
• Counseling and Guidance: College Student Personnel

The graduate school also offers a Master of Education in Teacher Leadership and a Master of Arts in Educational Leadership.

The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education

60 West Olsen Road, #4150 Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 (805) 493-3608

California Polytechnic State University School of Education

• Special Education
• Agricultural Education
• Educational Leadership and Administration
• Counseling and Counseling in Higher Education

They also offer Master of Arts programs for educators in the following specialty areas:

• Biological Sciences

Cotchett Education Building 2, Room 120 San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 (805) 756-2126

California State University at Chico College of Communication & Education

Master of Arts programs are offered in the following specialties:

• Kinesiology
• Psychological Science
• Applied Psychology/School Psychology
• Social Science
• Teaching International Language/Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages

Cal State Chico also offers Master of Science programs in Agricultural Education, Mathematics, Nutritional Science (Concentration in Nutritional Education), and Marriage and Family Therapy.

The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education Council on Academic Accreditation of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

Tehama Hall, Room 203 Chico, CA 95929 (530) 898-4015

California State University Dominguez Hills School of Education

The university offers Master of Education programs in the following specializations:

• School Counseling
• Curriculum and Instruction
• Multicultural Education
• Technology-Based Education
• Educational Administration
• Physical Education Administration

Cal State Dominguez Hills offers a Master of Arts in Teaching degree with concentrations in Middle School Mathematics and High School Mathematics. Master of Arts programs are also offered in the following specialties:

• Special Education (Concentrations available in Early Childhood Special Education, Mild to Moderate Disabilities, and Moderate to Severe Disabilities)
• English/Teaching English as a Second Language
• Counseling/Pupil Personnel Services

A Master of Science program is also offered in Marital and Family Therapy.

1000 East Victoria Street Carson, CA 90747 (310) 243-3696

California State University East Bay College of Education and Allied Studies

Master of Arts in Education programs are offered in four specialty areas. Those specialties include Curriculum, Educational Technology, Online Teaching and Learning, and Reading Instruction.

Master of Science programs are offered in Educational Leadership, Counseling (Concentrations in Clinical Child/School Psychology, Marriage and Family Therapy, and School Counseling), and Special Education (Concentrations in Mild to Moderate Disabilities and Moderate to Severe Disabilities).

25800 Carlos Bee Blvd., AE 111 Hayward, CA 94542 (510) 885-3000

California State University San Marcos School of Education

• General Option/Individualized
• Communicative Sciences and Disorders

Master of Science programs in Biology and Mathematics are also offered.

333 South Twin Oaks Valley Rd. San Marcos, CA 92096 (760) 750-4300

California State University, Bakersfield College of Education

Master of Science programs are also offered in Science Education, Counseling Psychology and Counseling (Concentration available in School Counseling and Student Affairs).

9001 Stockdale highway Bakersfield, CA 93311 (661)654-CSUB

California State University, Fresno Division of Graduate Studies

• Early Childhood Education
• Reading/Language Arts

Master of Arts programs are offered for teachers and educators by the Kremen School of Education and Human Development as well as other schools/colleges within Fesno State. Some specializations of interest to teachers and educators include:

• Mathematics
• Music Education
• Communicative Disorders (Concentrations available in Deaf Education and Speech-Language Pathology)

Additionally, Fresno State offers several Master of Science programs in Counseling. The specialization areas offered are:

• Student Affairs and College Counseling
• Marriage and Family Therapy/Counseling
• Rehabilitation Counseling

The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs Council on Rehabilitation Education

5200 N. Barton Ave., MS ML51 Fresno, CA 93740 (559) 278-2448

California State University, Fullerton College of Education

• Elementary Education (Concentrations available in Early Childhood, Diversity, Math and Science, Professional Inquiry/Practice, Staff Development, and Technology in Education)
• Secondary Education (Concentrations available in Teacher Induction and Teaching Foundational Mathematics)
• Higher Education
• Bilingual/Bicultural Education

Additional Master of Science programs are also offered by Cal State Fullerton in the Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Kinesiology, Psychology, Special Education, Community Counseling, Library and Information Science, Instructional Design and Technology, and Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages.

Educators can also choose to pursue a Master of Arts degree on one of the following specialization areas: Art, Communicative Disorders, English, History, Mathematics, Music, Psychology, and Spanish.

The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education Council for the Accreditation for Counseling and Related and Educational Programs Council of Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology

PO Box 6868 Fullerton, CA 92834 (657) 278-3411

California State University, Long Beach College of Education

• Curriculum and Instruction (Concentrations in Elementary and Secondary Education)
• Communicative Disorders
• Family and Consumer Sciences
• Kinesiology (Concentrations in Adapted Physical Education, Coaching and Student Athlete Development, Pedagogical Studies K-12, Sports Management, and Individualized Studies)
• Linguistics (Concentrations available in General Linguistics, Language and Culture, Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages)

The university also offers several Master of Arts in Education degree programs. Specializations include:

• Dual Language Development
• Educational Psychology
• Educational Technology and Media Leadership
• Librarianship
• Mathematics Education
• Social And Cultural Analysis of Education

Master of Science program are offered in Counseling. There are several counseling specializations available including School Counseling, Marriage and Family Therapy, and Student Development in Higher Education.

Additional Master of Science programs are available in:

• Kinesiology (Concentrations in Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology and Nutrition, Sport and Exercise Psychology, Sports Medicine and Injury Studies)
• Mathematics (Concentrations available in Applied Math, Math Education for Secondary School Teachers, and Applied Statistics)
• Science Education (Concentrations available in Elementary Science Education, Secondary Science Education, and Informal Science Education)

1250 Bellflower Blvd. Long Beach, CA 90840 (562) 985-1609

California State University, Los Angeles Charter College of Education

• Bilingual/Multicultural
• Creative Literacies and Literature
• Early Childhood/Primary Education
• Educational Foundations
• Educational Technology and Leadership
• Middle and Secondary Curriculum and Instruction

Master of Arts in Special Education degree programs are available with several options for specialization. The following specialties are available in Special Education:

• Early Childhood Special Education
• Mild to Moderate Disabilities
• Moderate to Severe Disabilities
• Multicultural/Multilingual Special Education
• Physical and Health Impairments
• Visual Impairment and Blindness: Orientation and Mobility
• Visual Impairment and Blindness: Teacher Preparation

Programs awarding a Master of Arts in Educational Administration as well as a Master of Arts in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages are also offered.

Cal State LA offers a Master of Science in Counseling with several specializations available. Those specialty areas include Applied Behavior Analysis, Marriage and Family Therapy, School-Based Family Counseling, Rehabilitation Counseling, School Counseling Leadership, and School Psychology.

Many other degrees for teachers and educators are available from other colleges within Cal State LA. For example, the school offers a Master of Arts in Communicative Disorders and a Master of Science in Kinesiology (concentrations available in Exercise Science, Physical Education Instruction, and Community Leadership). There are many other Master of Arts programs offered in areas like Art, English, Music, History, etc.

5151 State University Drive, KHD2069 Los Angeles, CA 90032 (323) 343-4300

California State University, Monterey Bay School of Education

100 Campus Center Seaside, CA 93955 (831) 582-3000

California State University, Northridge Michael D. Eisner College of Education

• Art Education
• Educational Psychology (Concentrations available in Early Childhood Education as well as Development, Learning, Instruction, and Evaluation)
• Elementary Education
• Secondary Education (Concentrations available in Science, Mathematics, English, Educational Technology, Teaching and Learning, and Multicultural and Multilingual Education)
• Special Education (Concentrations available in Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Early Childhood Special Education, Educational Therapy, Mild to Moderate Disabilities, and Moderate to Severe Disabilities)
• Linguistics
• Teaching English as a Second Language

Master of Science programs are offered in the following specialization areas:

• Communicative Disorders and Sciences
• Counseling (Concentrations available in Career Counseling, College Counseling and Student Services, Marriage and Family Therapy, School Counseling, and School Psychology)
• Family and Consumer Science

A Master of Music program is also offered for those who have chosen Music Education as a career.

The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs National Association of School Psychologists

18111 Nordoff Street Northridge, CA 91330 (818) 677-1200

California State University, San Bernardino College of Education

• Bilingual Cross-Cultural (Spanish)
• Career and Technical Studies
• Correctional and Alternative Education
• Curriculum and Instruction K-12
• Holistic and Integrative Education
• Instructional Technology
• Mathematics/Science Education K-12
• Science Education
• Special Education (Concentrations available in Mild to Moderate Disabilities, Moderate to Severe Disabilities, and Early Childhood Special Education)

Cal State San Bernardino offers additional Master of Arts programs in Art, Educational Administration, English, Mathematics, Rehabilitation Counseling, Spanish, and Teaching Mathematics. Master of Science programs are also offered in Counseling and Guidance, School Psychology, Biology, Psychology, as well as Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education.

5500 University Parkway San Bernadino, CA 92407 (909) 537-5600

California State University, Stanislaus College of Education

Master of Arts programs are offered in other specializations like English, History, Interdisciplinary Studies (with optional concentration in Child Development), and Psychology.

Cal State Stanislaus offers Master of Science programs in Interdisciplinary Studies, Marine Science, and Psychology.

One University Circle Turlock, CA 95382 (209) 667-3652

Loyola Marymount University School of Education

• Secondary Education (Concentrations available in Art, English, Languages other than English, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies)
• Special Education (Concentrations available in Elementary and Secondary school levels)
• Teaching Mathematics
• Bilingual Education (Concentrations available in Elementary and Secondary school levels)
• Biliteracy, Leadership, and Intercultural Education
• Child and Adolescent Literacy
• Literacy and Language Arts
• Reading Instruction
• Marital and Family Therapy
• Educational Studies/General Education
• School Administration
• Catholic School Administration
• Catholic Inclusive Education

Master of Arts in Counseling is offered at LMU with specializations available in College and University Counseling, Community Mental Health Counseling, Doctoral Preparatory Counseling, Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling, and School Counseling. Master of Arts in Guidance and Counseling program and Master of Arts in School Psychology programs are also offered.

1 LMU Drive University Hall, Suite 2100 Los Angeles, CA 90045 (310) 258-8768

San Diego State University College of Education

• Community Counseling
• Educational Leadership (Concentrations available in PK-12, Post-Secondary, and Post-Secondary Student Affairs)
• Mathematics Education K-8
• Policy Studies in Language and Cross Cultural Education
• Reading Education

Master of Arts programs are available in Biology, Chemistry, English, French, Geography, History, Kinesiology, Linguistics, Mathematics, Mathematics Teaching, Music, Physics, Psychology, Spanish and Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences.

Additional Master of Science programs are offered in Biology, Chemistry, Marriage and Family Therapy, Rehabilitation Counseling, School Counseling, Physics, and Psychology.

5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182 (619) 594-6091

San Francisco State University College of Education

• Adult Education
• Equity and Social Justice in Education
• Instructional Technologies
• Language and Literacy Education
• Secondary Education
• Special Interest Area (Individualized program)

Master of Arts programs are also offered in Art, English, Family and Consumer Sciences, French, Geography, German, History, Italian, Japanese, Mathematics, Museum Studies, Music, Psychology, Spanish, and Special Education. The Special Ed program offers a wide variety of concentrations available in Early Childhood Special Education, Guide Dog Mobility, Mild to Moderate Disabilities, Moderate to Severe Disabilities, Orientation and Mobility, Physical and Health Impairments, Visual Impairments, and Vocational Special Education.

SFSU also offers several Master of Science programs of interest to educators in the following areas:

• Counseling (Concentration available in Marriage, Family, and Child Counseling)
• Marine Science

1600 Holloway Avenue Burk Hall #504 San Francisco, CA 94132 (415) 405-3681

San Jose State University The Connie L. Lurie College of Education

• Art (Concentration in Art Education)
• Counseling and Student Personnel (Concentrations available in School Counseling and Adult Counseling)
• History (Concentration in History Education)
• Kinesiology (Concentrations available in Athletic Training, Exercise Physiology, Sports Management, and Sports Studies)
• Mathematics (Concentration in Mathematics Education)
• Natural Science

Master of Arts in Education programs are offered in Speech Pathology, Administration and Supervision, Higher Education, and Special Education. Master of Science programs are offered by the university in the areas of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. SJSU also offers a Master of Library and Information Science program.

One Washington Square San Jose, CA 95192 (408) 924-3600

Sonoma State University School of Education

• Counseling (Concentrations available in Community Counselors and School Counselors)
• Organizational Development

Additionally, Master of Arts in Education programs are available in Early Childhood Education, Educational Leadership, Reading and Language, Special Education, Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages, as well as Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning. A Master of Science program is also offered at Sonoma State in Biology.

1801 East Cotati Avenue Stevenson Hall #1078 Rohnert Park, CA 94928 (707) 664-2483

Stanford University School of Education

The Stanford Teacher Education Program (STEP) is designed for those seeking initial teacher certification in California. Elementary and Secondary Education specializations are offered.

Stanford offers Master of Arts degree programs in the following specialty areas:

• Art History
• Curriculum and Teacher Education (Concentrations available in English, Literacy, Mathematics, Science, and History)
• Policy, Organization, and Leadership Studies
• International Comparative Education
• International Educational Administration and Policy Analysis
• Learning, Design, and Technology
• German Studies

Stanford also offers an individualized Master of Arts degree in Education.

There are many Master of Science programs offered at Stanford as well that are of interest to teachers and educators. These include:

Of course, there are other programs of interest to educators at a school the size of Stanford, but they are simply too numerous to list here.

485 Lasuen Mall Stanford, CA 94305 (650) 723-2109

University of La Veme College of Education and Organizational Leadership

They also offer Master of Science degrees in the following specializations:

• Child Development
• Leadership and Management
• Marriage Family Therapy
• School Psychology
• Educational Counseling
• Special Education (Concentration in Mild to Moderate Disabilities)

1950 Third Street La Verne, CA 91750 (808) 593-3511

University of San Diego School of Leadership and Education Sciences

• Counseling (Concentrations available in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and School Counseling)
• Higher Education Leadership
• Leadership Studies
• Non-Profit Leadership and Management
• Teaching (Concentration available in History/Social Science)

The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs

5998 Alcala Park San Diego, CA 92110 (619) 260-7988

University of the Pacific Gladys L. Benerd School of Education

UP also offers a Master of Science in Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Speech-Language Pathology. Additional degree programs include a Master of Arts in Education in Curriculum and Instruction and a Master of Music.

3601 Pacific Avenue Stockton, CA 95211 (209) 946-2285

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Mathematics Education Degrees Explained by the Numbers

Degrees in mathematics education provide the foundational knowledge and skills necessary for professionals to teach math at various educational levels. These programs combine in-depth mathematical coursework with training that ensures graduates are well-prepared to foster mathematical understanding in students. 

This article explores how—across education levels—a degree in math education presents future mathematics teachers with the tools to make complex concepts accessible and engaging.

Understanding Mathematics Education Degrees

A mathematics education degree equips students with both advanced mathematical knowledge and the instructional skills to teach these concepts effectively. These degrees are designed to prepare future educators for a range of educational settings, from elementary to high school and beyond.

What Is a Mathematics Education Degree?

Focused on the dual components of advanced mathematics and effective teaching methodologies, mathematics education degree programs typically include coursework in mathematical theories, calculus, algebra, and statistics, as well as education-focused classes like instructional strategies, classroom management, and educational psychology. Students also engage in practical teaching experiences, often through student teaching placements, which provide hands-on training in real classroom settings​.

Different Levels of Mathematics Education Degrees

Mathematics education degrees may be offered at various academic levels, each catering to different career goals and educational needs:

• Associate degree – Usually a two-year program, an associate degree in mathematics education introduces students to foundational mathematical concepts and basic teaching principles. Graduates often pursue math education jobs as teaching assistants or continue their education in a bachelor's program.
• Bachelor’s degree – This four-year program combines in-depth mathematics coursework with education theory and practice. Graduates are prepared for certification and licensure to teach mathematics at the middle and high school levels. Common courses include calculus, linear algebra, educational psychology, and methods for teaching mathematics​.
• Master’s degree – These programs are designed for both current teachers seeking advanced knowledge and those looking to enter the teaching profession. Master's degrees often include specializations in areas such as curriculum development or educational leadership. Programs may offer initial certification for new  mathematics teachers or advanced certification for experienced educators​.
• Doctoral degree – The highest level of education in the field, doctoral programs focus on research, advanced mathematical theories, and educational leadership. Graduates often pursue careers in academia, research, or high-level administrative roles within educational institutions.

The Core Curriculum of a Mathematics Education Degree

A mathematics education degree program is designed to provide a balanced mix of rigorous mathematical coursework and educational theory, ensuring that graduates are well-prepared to teach math. The core curriculum typically includes courses that build a strong foundation in mathematics, along with specialized courses that focus on pedagogical techniques and educational psychology. 

Essential Courses for Future Educators

Mathematics education degree programs generally require students to complete a series of core courses that cover both mathematical content and teaching methodologies. Several such courses may include:

• Calculus and analytical geometry – Students learn fundamental concepts of calculus—including limits, derivatives, integrals, differential equations, and their applications. Analytical geometry topics like conic sections and polar coordinates are also covered​.
• Linear algebra – This course focuses on vector spaces, linear transformations, matrices, and determinants. It explores applications of linear algebra in various fields, too, such as physics and engineering.
• Statistics and probability – Students are introduced to statistical methods, probability theory, and data analysis techniques. Topics include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and probability distributions​.
• Educational psychology – This course covers theories of learning and development, motivation, classroom management, and assessment strategies. It helps future educators understand the psychological principles that underpin effective teaching and learning​.
• Mathematics learning and teaching – This course emphasizes instructional strategies for teaching mathematics, including lesson planning, curriculum development, and the use of technology in the classroom. It also addresses the challenges of teaching diverse learners​.
• Introduction to mathematical reasoning – Students learn the foundational principles of mathematical proof, logic, and set theory. This course is essential for developing critical thinking skills and a deep understanding of mathematical concepts​.

Specializations Within Mathematics Education

Mathematics education programs often offer specializations that allow students to focus on specific areas of interest within the field. These specializations can enhance a teacher’s expertise and open up additional career opportunities. Common specializations include:

• Elementary mathematics education – Focuses on teaching math at the elementary school level. Courses cover methods for teaching basic arithmetic, geometry, and introductory algebra as well as strategies for engaging young learners​.
• Secondary mathematics education – Prepares students to teach middle and high school mathematics. The curriculum includes advanced topics such as calculus, trigonometry, and discrete mathematics, along with secondary education teaching methods​.
• Mathematics curriculum and instruction – Designed for educators interested in developing and evaluating math curricula. Courses cover curriculum design, instructional materials, and assessment techniques​.
• Mathematics education research – Focuses on conducting research in mathematics education. This specialization is ideal for those interested in academic or research careers. Topics include research methodologies, data analysis, and the study of educational practices and outcomes​.
• Technology in mathematics education – Explores the integration of technology in teaching mathematics. Courses cover the use of educational software, online learning platforms, and other digital tools to enhance math instruction​.

Career Paths and Jobs With a Math Education Degree

A mathematics education degree can pave the way to a variety of math education jobs and career opportunities. And while many graduates pursue traditional teaching roles, there are numerous other paths available for those interested in applying their expertise beyond the classroom, too. 

Teaching Positions in Various Educational Settings

• Elementary school –  Math educators in elementary schools introduce young students to basic mathematical concepts, fostering a firm foundation for future learning. According to the United States  Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , elementary school teachers earn a median annual wage of $63,670 as of May 2023. 
• Middle school –  Mathematical teachers in middle schools build on students' foundational knowledge, introducing more complex topics such as algebra and geometry. They focus on developing critical thinking and analytical skills, preparing students for high school coursework. The  median annual wage for middle school teachers is $64,290. 
• High school – High school mathematics teachers delve into advanced topics, including calculus, trigonometry, and statistics. They prepare students for college-level math and various standardized tests like the SAT and ACT. The  median annual wage for high school teachers is $65,220, and employment in this field is projected to see about 67,100 openings each year due to the need to replace teachers who retire or leave the profession​.
• Higher education –  A mathematics education degree can lead to teaching positions at colleges and universities. These math education jobs typically require advanced degrees and involve teaching undergraduate or graduate students, conducting research, and contributing to academic publications. Postsecondary mathematical science teachers earn a  median annual wage of $81,020. 

Beyond Teaching: Alternative Jobs With a Math Education Degree

Mathematics education graduates have a variety of career options beyond teaching, including roles in curriculum development, educational consulting, and instructional coordination, where they design and implement educational programs and materials. They may also work in educational technology creating tools to enhance math instruction or pursue careers in business, finance, or government—using their analytical skills in data analysis, statistical research, and policy development. A few possible math education job titles for which this degree may be applicable include mathematician, statistician, data scientist, and management analyst.

Advancements and Continuing Education in Mathematics Education

Staying current with advancements and continuing education is crucial for mathematics educators to remain effective and innovative in their teaching practices.

Graduate Degrees and Professional Certifications

Graduate degrees in mathematics education, like a master’s or doctorate, offer educators the opportunity to deepen their knowledge of both mathematical content and educational theory. These advanced degrees often focus on specialized areas such as curriculum development, educational leadership, or mathematics education research. 

For instance, a master’s degree might include courses on advanced mathematical concepts, instructional technology, and educational psychology, while a doctorate could involve research methodologies and the study of educational policies and their impacts on mathematics instruction​.

Professional certifications also play a significant role in advancing an educator’s career. Those such as the National Board Certification for teachers or state-specific advanced teaching credentials demonstrate a commitment to professional growth and mastery of teaching skills. These certifications often require rigorous assessments and provide educators with recognition and opportunities for career advancement​.

Trends and Innovations in Mathematics Teaching Methods

Innovations and  modern teaching strategies are transforming mathematics education: 

• The integration of technology like interactive whiteboards and online platforms enables dynamic and personalized learning experiences. 
• Inquiry-based learning encourages students to explore concepts through problem-solving and critical thinking, fostering deeper understanding. 
• Collaborative learning promotes group activities that enhance understanding and communication skills. 
• Culturally responsive teaching incorporates students' cultural backgrounds into lessons, making math more relevant and improving engagement and learning outcomes.

Real-World Applications of Mathematics Education

Mathematics education extends far beyond the classroom, influencing various aspects of everyday life and professional fields. Not to mention, educators equipped with a foundation in mathematics education can shape future generations by instilling important skills and promoting analytical thinking.

How Mathematics Education Shapes Future Generations

Mathematics education plays a central role in developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills key to academic success and navigating modern life's complexities. By learning to approach problems methodically and think logically, students are better prepared to tackle challenges in various contexts, from personal finance to scientific research. 

A solid foundation in mathematics also opens up numerous career opportunities in STEM fields (like engineering, economics, technology, computer science, and the physical sciences), ensuring that students are well-equipped for high-demand careers that drive technological advancements and economic growth.

Furthermore, mathematics education fosters a deeper understanding of the world. Concepts such as geometry, algebra, and statistics are integral to everyday life, from understanding architectural designs to interpreting data in the news. Educators help students see the relevance of mathematics and cultivate a lifelong appreciation for the subject by making these connections clear. 

In addition to individual benefits, strong mathematical skills even help individuals contribute to informed decision-making in their communities and address societal issues—from voting on policies to managing budgets and understanding scientific reports.

Challenges Facing Mathematics Educators Today

Mathematics educators encounter a variety of challenges in their efforts to deliver engaging instruction. 

Addressing Common Misconceptions in Mathematics Learning

A major challenge in mathematics education is overcoming students' misconceptions that math is inherently difficult and requires natural talent. Educators can counter this by promoting a growth mindset, emphasizing that mathematical skills are developed through practice and persistence. Demonstrating math's relevance in daily life and careers can boost student motivation as well. 

Additionally, educators should focus on conceptual understanding rather than rote memorization, using real-world examples and problem-solving activities to show how mathematical concepts are interconnected and practically applied.

Strategies for Overcoming Classroom Challenges

Classroom challenges in mathematics education include managing diverse learning styles and addressing behavioral issues. The following can help overcome these obstacles: 

• Differentiated instruction tailors teaching methods to individual needs, helping all students succeed. 
• Incorporating technology, like interactive software and virtual manipulatives, makes concepts more tangible and allows for real-time feedback. 
• Effective classroom management with clear expectations and positive reinforcement minimizes disruptions. 
• Engaging students through collaborative activities and hands-on learning reduces behavioral issues. 
• Ongoing professional development and collaboration among educators are essential for sharing best practices and refining teaching strategies.

Level Up Your Mathematics Education Degree at UC

Ready to make a difference in the world of education? Interested in any of the aforementioned jobs with a math education degree? University of the Cumberlands’  Bachelor of Science in Mathematics Education offers the optimal blend of rigorous mathematical training and cutting-edge teaching methods, focused on secondary education. Prepare to inspire the next generation of learners and take the first step toward becoming an exceptional math educator: Apply to our mathematics education program today. 

Download USCCF Bellwether Report DIGITAL Aug2024

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Breaking the Gridlock: An Action Plan to Strengthen Education-to-Workforce Pathways

Usccf bellwether report digital aug2024.

August 27, 2024

This report highlights that two-thirds of American fourth-grade students struggle with reading and math, and the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these issues, particularly for marginalized groups. This has led to significant setbacks in educational achievement, with some states regressing to 1990s levels. Without foundational literacy and math skills, students are unprepared for the workforce and civic life. The report calls for policymakers and business leaders to collaborate to address these inequities and build a skilled, competitive workforce.

Urgency and Demographic Shifts

The urgency to improve the education system is underscored by a labor shortage, changing demographics, and fiscal challenges. U.S. employers face a critical gap in labor and talent, with many job candidates lacking essential skills. The report emphasizes the need for a comprehensive, long-term solution to generate homegrown talent through strong education systems. Additionally, demographic shifts are changing the composition of classrooms, with growing populations of students who are not well-served by the current K-12 system.

Policy Solutions and State Initiatives

The report showcases several state-level initiatives that have successfully addressed education-to-workforce challenges. These include:

• Science of Reading : States like Mississippi and Delaware have implemented laws aligned with the Science of Reading, resulting in significant improvements in reading scores.
• High-Quality Math Instruction : Colorado and Alabama have invested in math tutoring and teacher training to address declines in math achievement.
• Equitable Funding : California and Tennessee have revised their funding formulas to direct more resources to districts with greater needs.
• School Choice Policies : States like Idaho and Connecticut have expanded school choice options to improve educational equity.
• High-Dosage Tutoring : Georgia and Maine have invested in high-dosage tutoring programs to help students catch up academically.

Call to Action for Business Leaders and Policymakers

The report calls on business leaders to use their influence to advocate for policies that strengthen teaching, learning, and whole-child supports. It also urges policymakers to invest in evidence-based practices and create programs that expand access to work-based learning and postsecondary education. By working together, business leaders and policymakers can create a more equitable and effective education system that prepares students for the demands of the 21st-century economy.

Learn about what else what we uncovered in the full report.

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