higher education essay css

“And there’s nothing for man except what he strives for.” (Al- Quran, 53:39)

English Essay (CSS 2024)

English Essay Syllabus for CSS 2024

English Essay: CSS Past Papers Analysis

Environment

Truth and reason, morality/ principles.

I constructed my essay deriving my arguments from several discourses, i.e. (Politics, economics, society, philosophy, strategy, literature, science, religion, etc.). In my opinion, even an issue-based essay should be developed on creative lines. For that, candidates should also practice literary and abstract essays during the preparation phase. Furthermore, I never delved into the technicalities of the structure of essay. I believe writing comes naturally. Atif Ameer (PSP) 2nd in Pakistan, CSS 2018-19 (Essay Marks 52)

Global Issues & International Relations

Science and technology.

For English essay, I used to make outlines and practice paragraph writing. The key strategy in attempting an essay is to write it in simple, logical, coherent and precise way. One should refrain from using long sentences, jargons and difficult expressions. Furthermore, in order to avoid incoherence and jumps between essay paragraphs and outline, I left first two sheets of answer sheet for final outline, which I only wrote, once I was done writing essay. Aamina Ihsan (PAS) 18th in Pakistan, CSS 2018-19 (Essay Marks 48)

War/ Peace/ Globalization

Democracy/ governance/ administration / crisis / tourism.

My essay followed a fixed trajectory: Introduction (Opening + Thesis Statement) – Context – Exposition – Authority – Analysis – Conclusion. This allowed me to present my arguments clearly and coherently. When you practice, read your essay and try to see it from an examiner’s perspective. If it is too text-intensive, boring, long and redundant, , or even the argument you made is not clear, you will not get good marks. Mohammad Murtaza (PAS), 3rd in Pakistan, CSS 2017 (Essay Marks 45)

National Integration

Bureaucracy.

The Essay paper for CSS 2017 was somewhat out of the box. Despite that, I had complete control on my nerves and great confidence in my writing skills. I chose the topic “Is colonial mentality impeding the progress of Pakistan?” I supported this stance. First, I brainstormed and then wrote an outline on a rough page. Then, I presented it on the answer sheet in an impressive way so as to facilitate the examiner. I wrote almost twenty arguments or paragraphs to prove my stance. The language I used was simple yet flawless. Syed Fazul Shah (PSP), 3rd in Balochistan, CSS 2017-18 (Essay Marks 44)

Poverty/ Progress

Justice/ rule of law.

The essay which I attempted was argumentative in nature. So, I tried my best to follow the structure of such essays. I introduced the topic by giving a brief overview of the points I would be discussing; presented some examples from history, contemporary world and Pakistan; highlighted some counter arguments against the mentioned examples and re-countered them to justify my point, and concluded the topic with summing up all the arguments and justifications I had given in the body of the essay. Nawab Sameer Hussain Laghari (PAS), 2nd in Sindh, CSS-2016-17 (Essay Marks 45)

United Nations

Women/ gender, accountability/ corruption.

Essay is the most difficult thing in CSS, and, perhaps, rightly so. There are numerous ways to write it but the key is to understand the topic and giving sound arguments in grammatically correct English. Muhammad Murad (PSP), 7th in Pakistan, CSS 2017 (Essay Marks 60)

Nationalism/ Minorities

Management/ life/ discipline / ideology.

Structure and coherence make the key to success in the essay paper. I avoided verbosity and instead ensured I had understood the idea well. I also placed a lot of emphasis on the overall structure of the essay, making sure my paragraphs were coherent, sentences were well structured and the overall flow of the ideas was good. Muhammad Abrahim Shah (PAS) 3rd in Pakistan, CSS 2018-19 (Marks 61)

Nuclear Politics

Art/ literature/ poetry, literary/ philosophy, diversity/ freedom.

Essay is the very paper most aspirants fail. Reason? Lack of practice! Most aspirants know the reason but still they do not practice. If one cannot practice a long essay daily, one should write, at least, outline, introduction and conclusion daily, and practice a long essay once or twice a week. I did the same and when I sat to structure my essay, I did not face any problem in generating ideas and structuring them instantly. Bakhtiar Ismail (PAS), 1st in Balochistan, CSS 2017-18 (Essay Marks 66)

CSS Essay Past Papers

Download css past papers for compulsory subject essay from 2000 to 2021 updated. | for more past papers please explore the past papers section..

Writing an essay is a crucial component of the C.S.S. Competitive Examination.

Syllabi for C.S.S. Competitive Examination 2016 & Onwards in its Scheme of CSS Competitive Examination provides the following instructions relating to the Essay Paper: “Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be given.

Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research-based knowledge on a selected topic. Candidate’s articulation, expression, and technical treatment of style of Essay writing is examined.”

Last few years performance of candidates in English Essay paper under CSS Competitive Examination has not been as satisfactory as in other papers. Some of the extracts from the examiners’ reports, highlighting the weaknesses and common mistakes in essay writing, are reproduced below for the general information and guidance of the candidates.

CSS Essay Paper 2000

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English Essay Topics for CSS | Important Essay Topics for CSS 2023

Looking for the English Essay Topics For CSS that are most expected to come in this year’s CSS competitive examination then here is the list of all those important English Essay. Writing essays in the CSS exams is art what you need to do is just focus and learn that art then sees nothing will be difficult for you. The first thing to do is the CSS exams while Writing an English essay is that clear your mind about the Ideas and thoughts of the topic because the examiner expected a lot of knowledge from your side which is written in a mature writing style so your thoughts or ideas that you write should be based on some real facts so start expressing your thoughts in a proper way. The examiner is more consult of the general study of you on the topic, Your analysis and compare powers, your approach to various facts, and the way that you select to express those ideas.

Table of Contents

English Essay Topics for CSS

Professor Zahid Ashraf who right now working in the CSS field now issue some important topics for essays that are mentioned below. These topics are most important and these days the same situations now exist in Pakistan like Food Crises, Political Instability, the Situation of Democracy, and Global Warming.

Important Essay Topics for CSS 2023

Political Instability in Pakistan
True Democracy to ensure / Fair Election
Price Hike in Pakistan / Inflation
Floods in Pakistan: Causes, Effect, and Remedies
Global Warming and Pakistan. Flood Insecurity
Global and Pakistan Energy / Food Crisis / Insecurity
Energy and Water Crisis: Causes, effect, and Remedies
Muslim Ummah and Role of OIC 8. Population Explosion

Also Check:

Lahore Board FSc Part 1 English Past Papers, Guess Papers

Which topic is best for an English essay?

Baluchistan Crisis
Future of Democracy in Pakistan
Talibanization
Women Empowerment
Terrorism And The Role Of Pakistan
Energy Crisis in Pakistan
Water Crisis
Failure of Democracy in Pakistan
Foreign Policy of Pakistan
Art critics and reviewers
Alleviation of poverty
Foreign direct investment (F.D.I) in Pakistan
Global warming
Personalization of Pakistani politics
Formal and casual dressing codes

Existentialism
Socio-economic challenges faced by Pakistan
Islam versus the west
International crisis in terrorism
Humor in Urdu literature
Higher science education in the developing countries
The search for the truth
Nuclear weapons are not only a great peril but great hope
Austerity, As a solution, go all our economic problems
The economic prosperity of a nation is directly proportional to the level of literacy in it
National Integration
Risk of “Soviet syndrome” for Pakistan
The higher economic problem in Pakistan and how to meet them
Devolution of power in Pakistan
Art and morality
Need for serious planning in technical education in Pakistan
Is the world ready for the Gene age?
Public office is a public trust
Piety at public expense
The greatest of evil and the worst of crime is poverty
The struggle to raise a nation’s living standard is fought first and foremost in the classroom
Pakistan is rich in natural resources but very poor in their management
Pleasure of idleness
What are the hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent state?
A Critical Analysis of Education Systems in Pakistan
Democracy is a culture rather than a process
Role & Power of Media in the Modern World
Social Networking

If you also think that you have some English topics for the CSS exam that is really important then you can let us know by commenting down there in the comment section below.

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Filling Out the CSS Profile Dos, Don’ts, and Updates

The 2024-2025 CSS Profile is available now. Before you dive headfirst into filling out this beast, let’s break it down with some basic information and tips to make your life easier.

What is the CSS Profile ?

The College Scholarship Service financial aid application is required at over 200 colleges and universities that follow the Institutional methodology . So for these schools, if you want to be considered for need-based aid, and in some cases, merit-based scholarships , you have to complete both the CSS profile AND the FAFSA. The CSS profile determines institutional aid from the school, not federal aid (that’s what the FAFSA does).

The CSS profile digs deeper into a family’s financial situation than the FAFSA does, with 17 sections and hundreds of questions, including asking about home equity. Consider it like the FAFSA on steroids. It’s going to require more information and take more time to complete, so be sure to carve out extra time to sit down and complete it.

Learn how home equity affects the CSS Profile : How Home Equity Affects The CSS Profile

What schools require the CSS Profile ?

Is there a due date or deadline for the CSS Profile ?

How much does the CSS Profile cost ?

person opening a wallet with money in it

Families with an adjusted gross income up to $100,000
Students who qualify for an SAT fee waiver
Children who are an orphan or ward of the court under the age of 24

If your family or student doesn’t fall under any of these categories, then the price is $25 for the first application and $16 for each additional one. You will fill out the FAFSA and CSS profile every year your student attends college, so keep this cost in mind as you budget for the year ahead. The CSS profile is free for undergraduate students with a family income of less than $100,000. This means that if your family income meets this criteria, you will not have to pay any fees when submitting the CSS profile.

Any big changes this year?

There aren’t many significant changes from the 2023-24 CSS Profile to the 2024-25 version. The College Board did a big overhaul 2 years ago, so if you haven’t filled it out in a couple of years it may look a bit different to you. The questions are basically all the same, but the layout and feel as you progress through the profile is not.

If this is your first time filling it out, here are a few screenshots of what you can expect.

2-5 Questions per Page

The CSS Profile guides you through a series of sections. You must answered the required questions, before you can move on to the next page. Most pages will have 2-5 questions on them. The yellow boxes offer helpful hints or guidance.

Less questions per page, more clicks on Save and Continue, and no navigation bar to track your progress to the finish line makes it feel longer.

Learn more about applying for financial aid: Applying for Financial Aid: FAFSA and CSS Profile

Do I have to answer every question on the CSS Profile ?

You are not required to answer every question on the CSS profile . Only answer what is required and what will benefit your personal situation.

If a question must be answered, you will see the word required in parentheses after the question.

There is a required question about retirement asset values on the CSS profile. We wish this wasn’t a required question, because it is not part of the calculation, but it is required, so you must answer it.

We also recommend that you select the “None” option in the Special Circumstances section, even if other options apply. Keep this information as a bargaining tool for later on in the financial aid appeals process .

Always be honest, but less is more when filling out the CSS Profile . There is no need to overshare information if it isn’t required. You will more than likely have an actual conversation with the school’s financial aid department later down the line and can provide more information to help your case if needed.

Learn more about financial aid appeals: H ow to Navigate Financial Aid Appeals with Your College-Bound Student

What other things do we recommend when filling out the CSS profile ? Check out the full financial aid survival guide: 7 Critical FAFSA & CSS Profile Mistakes to Avoid

What if I’m Divorced or Separated?

If you are a two-household family , most colleges require BOTH households to fill out the CSS profile . You will complete two separate applications, one is filled out by the custodial parent, and the other is filled out by the non-custodial parent. You will not see each other’s information. If you can’t get information from one parent , reach out to the school requiring the CSS profile and communicate that directly with the financial aid department. They will walk you through the process of requesting a noncustodial parent waiver .

The CSS profile is a necessary evil when applying for financial aid from certain schools . Be sure to set aside some time and patience to knock it out. Most importantly, we are here to help.

Have more questions about the CSS Profile ? We have answers!

Still stuck on how to make college affordable or what to do when filling out the CSS profile ? Join our FREE bi-weekly Office Hours. This live Q&A format is hosted by one of our CAP Experts and is designed to answer any college planning questions you have. Register here today: Sign Up For Office Hours

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Higher Education is An Agent Of Change CSS Essay

This essay cover topics such as “Higher education is an agent of change essay outline. Role of education in changing and building society. Education as an agency of social change. Higher education is an agent of change . Higher education essay CSS. Higher education is an agent of change outline. Higher education is an agent of change essay. Role of Higher education. Higher education is an agent of change essay. Higher education is an agent of change essay.”

Higher Education is An Agent Of Change Essay

Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world – Nelson Mandela

Challenges in Higher Education

Education plays the role of leadership in a society. The function of the educational institutions is to develop people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially and spiritually. It promotes and improves the social, political, economic and cultural lifestyle of the nation. All over the world universities, which are the center of higher education, are guiding and cooperating with the agricultural and industrial development organizations of their countries and they are developing their agriculture and industry rapidly in a meaningful way. There is a closed link between development and education.

Education, either it is Primary or Higher, cannot be defined or explained in exact words. This is why it has been defined differently by different people. The reason behind these varieties of definition is that it holds different meaning and purpose for different people. For example; for a student, higher education means the acquisition of a degree or a diploma that makes him eligible to get a professional job. Similarly for a college professor, higher education means professional certificate while for an average person, it is the mere continuation of formal learning process after secondary education.

Reforms in Examination System

The aim of higher education is to meet the sociocultural and developmental needs of a country. Higher education provides an opportunity for individuals to develop their potential. It fulfills the need for highly skilled manpower in a society. Its objectives include cultural and material development. It provides individuals who are morally more strong, sound and capable of multifarious roles in the society. A countryâ€™s social and economic development depends on the nature and level of higher education. This is known from the statements and findings of famous educationalists and policy makers. In developed countries, the role of higher education in the provision of skilled manpower is quite evident.

CSS Essay Notes

The capacity of social, political and economic development of a state depends solely on the level of capabilities of its people. Higher education is thus sine-quo-non for the development of a nation on all grounds. In developed countries, universities provides a regular stream of skilled human capital that then play an important role in the development of society.

Higher education brings changes both in the lives of people as well as in the socio-economic, socio-cultural and socio-political system of the society. All these changes have been discussed one-by-one in detail in the following paragraphs.

Meaning And Purpose Of Education

As education overall teaches how we can be better humans and how to live in a society jointly, it thus effects the society in the following ways.

If living together promotes many positive things such as care for one another and helping one another at the time of need on one hand, it also sometimes leads to the development of many bad feelings for one another such as jealousy, hunger for power over general public and acquisition of more power and wealth even at the cost of others on the other hand. Such negative practices can only be successfully eradicated from the society with the teaching of love and peace, which is possible only with the spread of education in the society.

History shows that whenever education has become common in a society, it has reached the society to the highest level of civilization of that time. Higher education results in the development of new ideas, art and architecture.

The cultural values and practices of the people of a society show the level of their understanding of the world and universe. If the percentage of illiteracy in a society is more, the people of such society will believe in many delusionary ideas and so their cultural values and practices will also be shaped in the same way. Thus we can see that many societies, both in east and west, which were once center of many immoral practices, are now the centers of modernism and humanism, due to the increased level of higher education in the society.

We know that extreme hunger for power and wealth is in human instinct. For the acquisition of both these things, some men even do not hesitate to cut the throat of others and get what they want. Thus the principle of selfishness works behind the every action of men for more power and wealth. Such behavior often results in the destruction of society. Therefore the very existence of a society depends upon higher education, which severely discourages selfishness in the society.

This is one of the most prominent features of most of the societies. The division of masses on the basis of cast, color and creed not only destroy the social fabrics of society but it also results in the promotion of hatred for one another.

Another very useful result of the higher education for a society is the gradual development of tolerance in the people of a society. Today we can see that each society is divided into many groups on the basis of social, political and religious ideas. In such a multi-faction world, regular conflicts between people is an irrepressible thing which can only be reduced by inculcating the principles of tolerance in general public.

By promoting peace, positive cultural values and tolerance and discouraging selfishness and class division, the final outcome that we can get through higher education is the birth of a unanimous society. This characteristic of a society is very useful especially for the integrity and stability of a state.

Not only society and its structure but higher education also affects the political system and political culture of a society. The effects of higher education on the political system of a society have been discussed in the following paragraphs.

A state only prospers if its every citizen behaves as a responsible person. The area of this responsibility ranges from private state of affairs to matters of national level. The sense of such accountability in public can be developed only by imparting them the education of moral obligation to behave correctly which is possible through higher education.

Along with dutifulness, higher education also impart the knowledge of political rights and responsibility to general public which is very essential for the political stability of every state. After knowing their political rights and responsibilities, only then citizens would be in a position to make the right decisions and elect eligible politicians and ask for their rights.

A society can produce competent leaders only if its citizens are inculcated with the strong principles of morality and responsibility and only if the people are well versed in the political ideologies of the time.

The existence and lifespan of a state depends upon the level of patriotism that exists in its people. Patriotism only exists if the society is not divided on the basis of cast, color, creed and no single faction of the society feels any deprivation and suffer any abasement at the hand other faction. We know that after promoting peace, positive cultural values and tolerance and discouraging selfishness and class division, higher education results in the development of unanimity in the society which is an essential element for the existence of patriotism in the people.

After developing many new political ideas and theories and political institutions, higher education also results in the development of many new political cultures.

Corruption is one of the major problems of third world countries and this is because of the high illiteracy rate in these states. Most people in these countries either do not know their political rights or they do not care about the political system of their country. Thus they participate less in the general elections and political system of the country which has made the access to the leadership position for the corrupt people very easy. The sense of responsibility and awareness of the political rights of these people is possible only through education.

A country is political stable only if the state affairs are in the hands of most wise and learned people. Unfortunately we can see that in most of the third world countries, state affairs are run by the illiterate and inexperienced people due to which we often see political instability in these countries.

Higher education also helps in the eradication of terrorism as we know that one of the major reasons behind terrorism is the high illiteracy rate of the people where terrorism is more common.

The economic effects of higher education have been summarized in the following paragraphs.

By keeping political stability and discouraging all sorts of malpractices, higher education also results in the economic development of the society. A society can achieve economic boom only if the society is politically stable, peaceful and provides every opportunity for investment and income earning.

An immediate effect of the higher education on the economic conditions of a society is the availability of an extensive skilled labor market. Overall economic activities of a state depend mostly on its labor force. The term human capital is applied to highly skilled labor force. Today most of the developed states invest in human capital by imparting their labor force technical education.

Technological development of a state is directly linked with the standard of its higher education and the percentage of literate people in its society. Todayâ€™s world is the world of technology and in such technological world a state can only prosper if she too progress in the field of technology which is possible for a state only by imparting higher education to its people.

For economic development and prosperity of a state, the existence of a large middle class market is a must. By achieving economic prosperity and technological development, higher education in one way or another way also result in the increase of middle class in the society.

By propagating moral principles in the society, higher education also promote economic competition in the society within the limits of morality and justice.

Higher education also affects the educational system of the state. Some of these changes have been discussed in detail in below paragraphs.

One of the most prominent features of higher education is that it produces scholars in the society. These scholars then affect society through their views and writings. Higher education also affects the way the people behave and thinks.

Higher education also helps in the provision of new ideas and theories in the field of science, technology and social sciences.

The role of higher education in Pakistan is not as fruitful as it should be. The reason behind this educational dilemma is that the higher education system of Pakistan follows an outdated pattern of learning process. Similarly in Pakistan, main focus has always been given to theoretical process of learning instead of practical. Likewise the country often loss its most learned people due to the high rate of brain-drain in the country, thus lead to less or none effects of the higher education in the country.

Higher education brings major changes not only in the social, political and economic conditions of the state but it also affect the private life of individuals in all spheres. History shows that one of the major reasons of menâ€™s unprecedented development in the past few decades is the rise in the trend of seeking higher education.

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Askedon helps aspirants in their preparation for CSS, PMS, PCS and one paper MCQs based tests. We have syllabus wise complete notes of Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, Islamiat, Essay, Gender Studies and many other compulsory and optional subjects of CSS, PMS and PCS. The blog is owned and managed primarily by Ataulhaq Yusufzai. For more details please visit About US and Privacy Policy page.

CSS 2025: Essay Themes to Prepare

Written By Hamza Gill Jun 11, 2024

Preparing for the essay paper in the CSS exam requires a broad understanding of various topics and the ability to articulate your thoughts clearly and coherently. Here is a detailed list of major topics and themes you should focus on for essay preparation:

1. Current Affairs

Global Politics : Major political events, international relations, global conflicts, and diplomatic strategies.
Economy : Global economic trends, economic policies, trade wars, financial crises, and economic development.
Social Issues : Human rights, gender equality, education, health, poverty, and social justice.
Environmental Issues : Climate change, sustainable development, conservation, and environmental policies.
Technology and Innovation : Impact of technology, digital transformation, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and the fourth industrial revolution.

2. National Issues

Governance and Politics : Political systems, democracy, electoral processes, corruption, governance reforms.
Economy : Economic policies, fiscal management, taxation, poverty alleviation, and development programs.
Social Issues : Education, healthcare, population growth, social security, and cultural challenges.
Security : National security, terrorism, extremism, internal security challenges.
Judiciary and Law : Judicial reforms, legal challenges, law enforcement, human rights.
Nearpeer's monthly magazine CSS Chronicles has a portion of National Issues which explains monthly national topics by our experienced writers.
Link: https://nearpeer.org/css/1.-free-courses/css-chronicles

3. Philosophical and Ethical Topics

Ethics and Morality : Ethical dilemmas, moral philosophy, integrity in public life, ethical leadership.
Philosophy of Life : Human existence, the meaning of life, happiness, and well-being.
Social and Cultural Ethics : Cultural diversity, societal norms, ethics in media, ethical governance.

4. Historical and Cultural Topics

Historical Events : Significant historical events and their impact on the present, lessons from history.
Cultural Heritage : Preservation of cultural heritage, cultural identity, and multiculturalism.
Historical Personalities : Contributions of notable historical figures and their influence on society.

5. Scientific and Technological Developments

Scientific Advancements : Breakthroughs in science and their implications, space exploration, medical advancements.
Technological Impact : The role of technology in society, ethical implications of technology, future trends.

6. Literary Topics

Literature : Analysis of literary works, contributions of famous authors, the role of literature in society.
Art and Culture : The impact of art and culture on society, cultural expressions, and artistic movements.

7. Miscellaneous Topics

Education : Importance of education, educational reforms, challenges in the education sector.
Healthcare : Public health issues, healthcare policies, global health challenges.
Sports and Recreation : The role of sports in society, major sports events, physical and mental well-being.

Sir Abrar and Sir Daud Saleemi has explained almost all of the areas in detail in their Nearpeer CSS Essay Course.

Link: https://nearpeer.org/css/css-online-preparation/english-essay

Preparation Tips for Essay Writing

1. Reading and Research

Read widely from various sources, including newspapers, magazines, journals, and books.
Stay updated with current events and global trends.
Use credible sources for research and gather diverse perspectives on each topic.

2. Practice Writing

Practice writing essays regularly on different topics.
Focus on structuring your essay with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
Develop coherent arguments and support them with evidence and examples.

3. Developing Critical Thinking

Analyze issues critically and present balanced viewpoints.
Practice logical reasoning and argumentation.
Reflect on ethical and philosophical dimensions of issues.

4. Feedback and Improvement

Get your essays reviewed by mentors or peers for constructive feedback.
Identify areas for improvement and work on them consistently.
Enhance your vocabulary and improve grammar and sentence structure.

5. Time Management

Practice writing essays within a specified time limit to simulate exam conditions.
Focus on clarity and conciseness to effectively convey your ideas within the word limit.

6. Mock Essays

Participate in mock essay writing sessions or exams.
Review model essays and analyze their strengths and weaknesses.
Sir Abrar has explained many essay topics in his Essay Course at Nearpeer.
Link: https://nearpeer.org/css/css-online-preparation/english-essay

By preparing these topics thoroughly and practicing consistently, you will be well-equipped to tackle the essay paper in the CSS exam. If you need more detailed resources or specific guidance on any of these topics, feel free to ask!

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Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards

Kalsoom Begum
December 15, 2023
CSS Essays , CSS Solved Essays

CSS and PMS Solved Essays | Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards

Kalsoom Begum, a Sir Syed Kazim Ali student, has attempted the CSS essay “ Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards ” on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns to qualify for the essay paper.

1-Introduction

2-Debunking the term education

3-Significance of education for a nation’s progress

4-Current situation of Pakistan’s education system

5-What issues are facing Pakistan’s education system?

Case in Point : Even after the adoption of more than 25 policies, still the education system is failing to raise the nation socially and economically
Case in Point: Clear difference between the attitudes of students coming out from the public educational institutions, deeni madaris and the few private elite institutions
Case in Point : According to the International Crisis Group, Pakistan is amongst the 12 countries in the world that spent less than 2 per cent of their GDP on the education sector
Case in Point : According to a UNESCO report, there are no proper training standards in the available training institutes in the remote areas of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Case in Point : According to the International Association of Universities, Pakistan is the world’s 20th-largest country in terms of the number of universities. Nonetheless, the country contributes only 0.49 per cent to the world’s research documents.
Case in Point : According to the Planning Commission of Pakistan, less than six per cent of the youth population acquires technical skills, and only two per cent implemented
Case in Point : Kalimullah, head of the sociology department at Peshawar University, depicts the education system as a source of ongoing deep polarization in the country

6- Recommendations to overcome educational challenges

✓ To allocate a sufficient budget for education, the education system of Pakistan takes a fresh breath with resources
✓ To strengthen accountability so that everyone owns their responsibilities
✓ To own their responsibilities, accountability must be strengthened
✓ To introduce an updated and relevant curriculum catering to the modern world’s psyche and needs.
✓ To work smoothly without any discrimination, there must be less political interference in the education sector
✓ To provide solid political will on policy implementation and less interference of politics in the education sector

7- Conclusion

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Education, the kindling of the flame, is the permanent character of human history from darkness to light and the evolution of thoughts from ashes to the phoenix. It has remained the most powerful tool for securing growth and progress in the socio-economic and political realm. Thus, education lays the foundation for a country’s political, social, and economic development. However, being a developing country, Pakistan has been facing critical issues in education since its inception; therefore, the education system has failed to deliver according to the nation’s aspirations. This is because there is a shortage of techno-vocational institutions, policy implementation, uniformity, budget, training and research institutions, and moral development in the country’s institutions. As a result, the state has failed to develop innovative mindsets to contribute to the socio-economic and political upliftment of the country. Although multiple education policies have been designed to improve Pakistan’s education system, none have ever been implemented successfully. Therefore, it is high time for the government to look into the matter meticulously to help the coming generation have a better education system and progress. This essay discusses the issues of Pakistan’s education system and suggests ways forward for overcoming these issues.

Debunking the term, education is a process that begins at birth and continues until the end of life. The primary focus and function of education is to prepare children for their roles as workers and members of a larger society and identify the purpose of education, shaping of the social being. Generally, there are two main types of education: formal education, which takes place in proper education and training institutions, and non-formal education, which does not occur in formally structured schools. The differences between traditional and non-formal education can be seen in terms of the purpose, timing, content, delivery system and level of control.

In a broader context, it plays a significant role in people’s physical, mental, psychological and social growth and is the pillar of national progress. Countries with constructive education systems are considered the world’s socio-economic leaders. The founders of Pakistan realized early that the future of this nation depended on a productive pursuit of knowledge through education. In his message to the first Education Conference in November 1947, the Quaid-e-Azam said: “If we are to make real, speedy and substantial progress, we must bring our educational policy and program on the lines suited to the genius of our people, consonant with our history and culture and having regard to the modern conditions and vast developments that have taken place all over the world. The future of our State will and must accordingly depend upon the education we give our children and how we bring them up as future citizens of Pakistan. Through sound education, we should try to instill in them a high sense of honour, integrity, responsibility and selfless service to the nation. There is an immediate and urgent need to give scientific and technical education to our people to build up our future economic life and to see that our people take to science, commerce, trade, and particularly well-planned industries. We should not forget that we must compete with the world, which is moving quickly in this direction.” Every nation crops its generations according to its society and provides teachings to play a significant role in developing its country. Thus, education has played an essential role in the development of Norway , as their highest literacy rate leads them to be amongst the most prosperous nations.

Since its inception, Pakistan has expressed its commitment to promoting education and literacy in the country through education policies at the domestic level and getting involved in international commitment, for instance, ‘Education for All’, Vision 2030, and Millennium Development Goals. A review suggests that progress has been observed in the education system. But still, there is a dire need for research and training institutions, policy implementation, trained and professional teachers, uniformity and direction, and updated and relevant syllabi, delineating the current outlook of the country’s education system.

Talking about the issues that Pakistan’s education system facing today, the first is several education policies have been created, but none have been implemented in an authentic and genuine spirit. It is because there has been a lack of political will on the part of successive governments to enforce the policies vigorously due to the problems of corruption, lack of funds and gross inconsistency in straight planning on the part of various political regimes in Pakistan. Moreover, in the overall policy formulation, teachers have been ignored. They are regarded as unimportant elements, which has led to alienation between the teachers and the education system.

Moreover, different systems of education are simultaneously working in the country. The curriculum is also not uniform, giving birth to other schools of thought . For example, there is a difference between students’ attitudes toward public educational institutions, deeni madaris, and the few private elite institutions. This trend has accelerated the pace of polarization in society, created a massive gap in the nation, and even deeply penetrated its cultural veins. The recent wave of terrorism and the increasing sectarian division are the logical consequences of this divided system of education. As a result, in the current polarized system of education, there has occurred a tremendous social division in society on political, social, and economic grounds rather than unity among the people, which is cutting knee deep the ideological and social foundation of the nation leading towards further divisions on linguistic and regional grounds, which has potentially damage the social cohesion and fabric of the society.

Besides, finance is considered the engine of a system. The education system of Pakistan has been crippled mainly due to the scarcity of finance. The successive governments have been giving less than 2.5 per cent of their budget to the education sector, which is not sufficient for the growing educational needs of the nation in the present changing times. Academic budgetary allocation has increased in many developing regional countries, such as Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. But in Pakistan, it is declining day by day. According to the International Crisis Group, Pakistan is among the 12 countries that spend less than 2% of their GDP on education. With this insufficient budgetary allocation, the country has hardly meet the targets of universalizing primary education as a signatory to the SDG goals by 2015 and onward.

In addition to this, training is essential for quality performance of teachers, as teaching is a challenging job. And there is a lack of training opportunities for teachers in Pakistan. However, there are various teacher training institutes in the country. These institutes are either not well-resourced or are poorly run due to a lack of funds and trained human resources, such as trainers and administrators. According to the UNESCO report, “There are no proper training standards in the available training institutes in the remote areas of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.” Most training institutes have been closed down due to lack of funds. The courses being run in the teacher education intuitions are outdated and very traditional, which does not enhance teachers’ skills, motivation, and quality.

Adding more to it, quality research in Pakistan’s education system is still a distant dream. According to the International Association of Universities, “Pakistan is the world’s 20th-largest country in the number of universities. Nonetheless, the country contributes only 0.49 per cent to the world’s research documents.” As a result, even the highly qualified youth could do nothing to resolve the prevailing socio-economic problems of the country.

Furthermore, technical education is considered the most practical form, potentially developing countries’ social and economic aspects by producing trained labour. Contrarily, Pakistan’s education system is unable to have skilled labour . According to the Planning Commission of Pakistan, “Less than six per cent of the youth population acquires technical skills, and only two per cent implement them.” This indicated that Pakistan’s techno-vocational institutes lack efficiency and productivity. Thus compromising the country’s employment and economic output.

Lastly, the education system’s negligence in children’s moral development promotes intolerance and polarization among the young masses. So, it impacts their thoughts and actions. Kalimullah, the head of the Sociology Department at Peshawar University, depicts, “The education system as a source of ongoing deep polarization in the country. As a result, they failed to serve the country for good.” Thus, neglected morality in the education sector buries the talent of the land of the pure even before the bloom.

Nonetheless, there is always a light at the end of the tunnel. Pakistan’s youth can be turned into diamonds of talent and virtuosity if educated how they deserve to be. For this purpose, the following steps must be taken. First, there should be sufficient educational budgetary allocation in the national GDP. This will provide the system with resources to take fresh breaths of life. Thus, if the country’s fiscal allocation exceeds the low percentage to the optimum demanded one, its education system will eventually boom at large like all other developing countries: Sri Lanka and Finland.

Second, the accountability system must be strengthened, and all the professionals associated with the education system should be educated to take responsibility individually and collectively. This helps create a sense of ownership of the system and its functions. To accomplish this, free and fair accountability benches must be allocated in all institutions to ensure their transparency, especially the country’s education sector’s officials. In this way, the government will overcome the predicament of the poor education system.

Third, the government should introduce a uniform curriculum to provide equal opportunities for rural students to compete with urban students in the job market. The curriculum should be evaluated on an annual basis. In this regard, a vast survey could be conducted to seek the opinions of teachers, parents and the community regarding their expectations and observations. In this light, the expert recommendations of the education researchers are that the curriculum goals should be redefined, and such curriculum should be prepared, which caters to the psyche and needs of the society and the country without any discrimination of cast, colour and creed.

Fourth, the education sector should have as little political interference as possible. This will allow the system to function smoothly and without any discrimination. Frequent political intervention creates gaps and trust deficits on the part of public and government agencies; solid political will on the part of government is required in policy implementation in the education sector. Thus, policies should be implemented without any delay in time and resources.

Last but not least, there is a need to implement national education policy and Vision 2030 education goals. An analysis of education policy suggests that at the policy level, there are several admirable ideas, but practically, there are some shortcomings. Also, policies should be implemented without any delay of time and resources. There should be a strong political will on the part of the government to implement policies without any delay. Poor policy implementation has created gaps and trust deficits for the public and government agencies.

To conclude, a nation’s efficiency depends on its education system; only a viable education system can enable it to achieve its national goals. Unfortunately, Pakistan, as a developing country, has faced critical problems in education: unequipped teachers, lack of political will, irrelevant and outdated curricula, and a non-uniform education trajectory since its inception. Therefore, the education system has failed to play its part in achieving human resources. The raw potential of the country’s youth can be polished through pragmatic education policies and raising education indicators to help strengthen the country’s position in global and International politics.

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CSS REPEATED ESSAYS

Hero-worship is the strongest where there is least regard for human freedom. (CSS 2000)
Personal liberty is the paramount essential to human dignity and human happiness. (CSS 2000)
Humanism. (CSS 2004)
All humans are born equal in dignity and rights but they are in shackles everywhere. (CSS 2010)
The War on terror has contributed to the growing abuse of human rights. (CSS 2015)
In the fight against terrorism and corruption, it is imperative not to compromise human rights and civil liberties. (CSS 2018)
Universal human equality is utopia. (CSS 2021)
Human development and economic sustainability. (CSS 2022)

Environment

Global Warming (CSS 2006)
The future of mankind in a global warming perspective. (CSS 2007)
Global Warming, fact or fiction? (CSS 2008)
Government should eliminate subsidies and incentives for manufacturers and consumers of electric cars as they are costly and do not do enough to protect the environment. (CSS 2015)
The threat of Global Warming and the ways to counter it. (CSS 2018)

Truth and Reason

The search for truth. (CSS 2005)
Truth in short supply (CSS 2006)
Truth is a rare commodity despite the freedom by the print and electronic media. (CSS 2011)
In this country reason does not apply to anything. (CSS 2011)
Truth is lived not taught. (CSS 2019)
Of all the needs a book has, the chief need is that it be readable. (CSS 2002)
The pleasures of reading. (CSS 2011)

Morality/ Principles

Art and Morality. (CSS 2002)
There comes a time to put aside principles and do what is right. (CSS 2006)
Moral depravity is the root cause of poverty. (CSS 2008)

Global Issues & International Relations

Moral standards in international relations. (CSS 2000)
World scenario in 21st century and Pakistan’s role in it. (CSS 2002)
The end of cheap oil. (CSS 2004)
Globalization and electronic media. (CSS 2007)
The world politics stands more derisive than it was ever before due to the specific imperialist designs. (CSS 2010)
The time we live in is the winter of the world. (CSS 2011)
Brexit means globalization is the rhetoric of the privileged, and capitalism will return ferociously as ever. (CSS 2017)
Modernity is an unending project. (CSS 2017)
China – Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its Socio-economic Implications for the Region and the World. (CSS 2018)
Pakistan and the future of Kashmir cause. (CSS 2020)
Global power dynamics and Pakistan’s foreign policy. (CSS 2020)
Global trade and trade policies of China. (CSS 2022)
Global politics and international relations. (CSS 2022)
World food systems: the economics of agriculture. (CSS 2022)

Science and Technology

Advancement in science and technology is the gateway to the economic prosperity of a country. (CSS 2000)
The suffering soul in the Scientific Age. (CSS 2012)
Modern day communication via social networks puts an end to true and sincere relationships. (CSS 2013)
The introduction of new digital technologies has radically altered identities. (CSS 2015)
Labor saving devices are more troublesome than they are worth. (CSS 2015)
Expanding information technology: a curse or blessing. (CSS 2019)
Is Pakistan ready for the digital revolution? (CSS 2020)
Covid-19 — A wake up call for Pakistani researches. (CSS 2021)
Human inventions move societies backward. (CSS 2021)
On tolerance. (CSS 2001)
Only the wisest and stupidest of men never change. (CSS 2003)
Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent. (CSS 2014)
Power of Media in the Modern World. (CSS 2009)
The emerging power of Social Media: Prospects and Problems. (CSS 2018)

War/ Peace/ Globalization

Can we prevent the third world war? (CSS 2008)
Great nations win without fighting. (CSS 2014)
World as a global village: Learning to live together. (CSS 2016)
Are modern wars not holy wars? (CSS 2017)
Pros and cons of globalization. (CSS 2021)
Intercultural communication is a panacea to avoid third world war. (CSS 2021)
An analysis of the concept of globalization of markets. (CSS 2022)

Democracy/ Governance/ Administration / Crisis / Tourism

Good governance and the role of the public servant. (CSS 2000)
Devolution of power in Pakistan. (CSS 2001)
The future of democracy in Pakistan. (CSS 2009)
The food crisis: problems, challenges and opportunities for Pakistan. (CSS 2009)
Pakistan is rich in natural resources but very poor in their management. (CSS 2010)
Disaster management and government preparedness. (CSS 2011)
Democracy is a culture rather than a process. (CSS 2012)
In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence. (CSS 2015)
Crisis of good governance in Pakistan: Need for reforms and institution building. (CSS 2016)
Democracy in Pakistan: Hopes and Hurdles. (CSS 2018)
Democracy and illiteracy do not move together. (CSS 2019)
Promoting tourism in Pakistan: opportunities and challenges. (CSS 2020)
Digital democracy: social media and political participation. (CSS 2022)
Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive, easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. (CSS 2000)
Economic prosperity of a nation is directly proportional to the level of literacy in it. (CSS 2001)
Higher Science Education in the developing countries. (CSS 2002)
Education has for its object the formation of character. (CSS 2002)
Need for serious planning in technical education in Pakistan. (CSS 2002)
Reforms in Examination systems. (CSS 2005)
The present system of Education must assume some of the responsibilities of our failure. (CSS 2007)
Higher Education as an agent of change. (CSS 2008)
Co-education; Merits and Demerits. (CSS 2009)
English as the medium of Education in Pakistan. (CSS 2009)
A critical analysis of Education system in Pakistan. (CSS 2012)
There should be colleges and schools just for men/boys and some just for women/girls. (CSS 2013)
Meaning and purpose of education. (CSS 2013)
Privatizing higher education-generating knowledge or making more money for the opulent. (CSS 2014)
Higher Education in Pakistan: Ills and Remedies. (CSS 2018)
Classrooms decide the future of the nation. (CSS 2019)
Women universities as agents of change. (CSS 2020)
Meaning purposive education. (CSS 2021)

National Integration

The barbarity of ethnic cleansing. (CSS 2000)
National Integration. (CSS 2001)
Water crisis and national unity. (CSS 2016)
We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (CSS 2000)
Dilemma of the water and energy crisis in Pakistan. (CSS 2003)
Do not waste water even if you were at a running stream. (CSS 2021)
Energy Crisis in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences. (CSS 2012)

Bureaucracy

Public office is a public trust. (CSS 2001)
Bureaucracy doldrums. (CSS 2021)

Poverty/ Progress

Progressive alleviation of poverty in Pakistan – an overview. (CSS 2000)
Strategies for the alleviation of poverty. (CSS 2005)
Look to the east for holistic progress. (CSS 2014)
Does foreign aid help to achieve economic stability? (CSS 2016)
Advancement in science and technology is the gateway to prosperity of a country. (CSS 2000)
Austerity as a solution to all our economic problems. (CSS 2002)
Economic problems in Pakistan and how to meet them. (CSS 2002)
Socio-Economic Challenges faced by Pakistan. (CSS 2005)
Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan. (CSS 2006)
Promotion of tax culture in Pakistan: Perspective, prospects and challenges. (CSS 2016)
Real development should transform people’s lives, not just economic statistics. (CSS 2018)
New war fronts lie in economic zones. (CSS 2019)
Pakistan’s informal economy: the way forward. (CSS 2020)
IMF bailouts: roads to stability or recipes for disaster. (CSS 2020)
Is there such a thing as ethical consumerism? (CSS 2022)

Justice/ Rule of Law

Justice delayed is justice denied. (CSS 2001)
Will “Rule of law” always remain an impracticable myth in our country? (CSS 2018)
A little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth man’s minds about religion. (CSS 2002)
Pluralistic vision of Islam. (CSS 2004)
Islam versus the West. (CSS 2005)
The image of Islam in the western world and responsibilities of the Muslim Ummah. (CSS 2007)
Peace; the essential message of our religion. (CSS 2008)
Materialism is the death of spirituality. (CSS 2008)
Fair play and life, as it is lived, in the land of the pure. (CSS 2011)
Let there be more light in the corridors of worship places. (CSS 2019)

United Nations

The future of UNO: Hopes and Hurdles. (CSS 2009)
The UNO has failed to measure up to the demands of its charter. (CSS 2010)
The United Nations in the 21st Century: Obligations and Limitations. (CSS 2012)
More and more international military engagements by the United Nations; is the world moving towards peace? (CSS 2017)

Women/ Gender

Persecuted poor woman. (CSS 2005)
The state of women rights in Pakistan. (CSS 2007)
Status of Women in Islam. (CSS 2009)
Why is there no status of the third gender in Pakistan? (CSS 2010)
Can women be equal to men in Pakistan? (CSS 2010)
Does Pakistan society regard women as the angel in the house or source of all evils? (CSS 2011)
Social and Economic Securities for Women in Islam. (CSS 2012)
Gender equality is a myth. (CSS 2013)
Women sports persons are new ambassadors of the soft image of Pakistan. (CSS 2014)
Gender equality is a myth! (CSS 2016)
Frailty, thy name is woman. (CSS 2016)
Feminism is not really a Third World issue. (CSS 2017)
New Waves of feminism and our culture. (CSS 2019)
Gender equality: a popular slogan. (CSS 2021)
The controversial issues of feminism in contemporary women’s rights movements. (CSS 2022)

Accountability/ Corruption

Without independent truth-finding commission , accountability is unachievable. (CSS 2010)
Religion has done more harm than help to human relations in the world. (CSS 2010)

Nationalism/ Minorities

Being a minority is a fate no one wants. Can nationalism be really inclusive? (CSS 2017)
The purification of politics is an iridescent dream. (CSS 2000)
Politics is perhaps the only profession for which no preparation is thought necessary. (CSS 2002)
Personalization Of Pakistani Politics (CSS 2006)
Politics is the art of the possible. (CSS 2007)
Insanity in individuals is something rare but in groups, parties and nations it is the rule. (CSS 2011)
The emerging power of Public Opinion. (CSS 2012)
Not the economy but politics is the key to success. (CSS 2013)
The creation of new provinces in Pakistan: Implications for an integrated country. (CSS 2016)
Polarized politics: the issues and challenges of democracy in Pakistan. (CSS 2020)

Management/ Life/ Discipline / Ideology

Sweet are the uses of adversity. (CSS 2000)
“Turn not thy cheek in scorn towards folk nor walk with pertness in the land”. (Al-Quran) (CSS 2001)
Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes. (CSS 2001)
Self-conceit may lead to self destruction. (CSS 2001)
Attitude of indifference. (CSS 2003)
Young habits die-hard. (CSS 2003)
Lots of folks confuse bad management with destiny. (CSS 2006)
Life’s tragedy is that we get old too soon and wise too late. Benjamin Franklin (CSS 2006)
A country is backward because it’s people are backward. (CSS 2007)
Time management is the keynote of success. (CSS 2008)
Lack of discipline – a national disaster. (CSS 2008)
Dreams for the future rely on the work of today. (CSS 2008)
Health is not a condition of matter, but of mind. (CSS 2009)
Without good communication skills, life becomes impossible in the modern world. (CSS 2011)
Obesity is the root cause of all diseases. (CSS 2012)
Let me take care of today, tomorrow shall take care of itself. (CSS 2013)
Country life is better than city life. (CSS 2013)
The character of a nation can be judged by its symbolic narratives. (CSS 2014)
Punctuality is the virtue of boredom. (CSS 2015)
Luxury predecessors become the necessity of successors. (CSS 2015)
When life throws you lemons, make lemonade. (CSS 2015)
We have to learn to be our own best friends, because we fall too easily into the trap of being our own worst enemies. (CSS 2016)
Is colonial mentality impeding Pakistan’s progress? (CSS 2016)
Ideologies thrive on notions of resistance, yet change is a simulation. (CSS 2017)
Life without controversy is no life. But why should one not choose the safe haven of conformism? (CSS 2017)
Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living our fears. (CSS 2018)
Beware the barrenness of a busy life! (CSS 2018)

Nuclear Politics

Nuclear weapons are ‘not only a great peril, but a great hope. (CSS 2006)
The more developed a country, the more leathly it is armed. (CSS 2007)
International crisis of Terrorism. (CSS 2002)
Terrorism as a new threat to the contemporary world. (CSS 2007)
Pakistan’s War on terror and its impact on our psyche and politic socio-economic fronts. (CSS 2009)
How is terrorism and its perception shaped by the Mass Media? (CSS 2022)

Art/ Literature/ Poetry

Every art is an imitation of nature. (CSS 2002)
Art Critics and reviewers. (CSS 2003)
Humour in Urdu Literature (CSS 2006)
Poetry is the highest form of expression – the greatest proof is the Holy Quran. (CSS 2008)
Literature is the best criticism of life. (CSS 2010)
Literature as a great cultural artifact. (CSS 2014)
Language is a fit data for research in humanities and social science. (CSS 2014)
Can meaning be fixed? (CSS 2014)
The place of Urdu in Pakistan and Supreme Court’s ruling on making Urdu the official language of the country. 2016
Literature is a lonely planet of idealists. (CSS 2017)
Art for peace. (CSS 2019)
Do we really need literature in our lives? (CSS 2020)

Literary/ Philosophy

It is not only fine feathers that make fine birds. (CSS 2001)
Existentialism. (CSS 2003)
Liberalism (CSS 2006)
Brain, like hearts, go where they are appreciated. (CSS 2006, 2012)
There is no great genius without a mixture of madness. (CSS 2009)
Beggars can’t be choosers. (CSS 2012)
If gold rusts what shall the iron do. (CSS 2013)
Anticipation is often greater than realization. (CSS 2015)
Sometimes we do not see what we see. (CSS 2019)
I fall upon the thorns of life I bleed. (CSS 2021)
Imagination is more important than knowledge. (CSS 2022)

Diversity/ Freedom

Dialogue is the best course to combat terrorism. (CSS 2010)
Free speech should have limitations. (CSS 2013)
I disapprove of what you say, but I defend to death your right to say. (CSS 2015)
I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it. (CSS 2020)

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Major Education Problems in Pakistan and Solutions (CSS Essay)

Table of Contents

What is Education?

Education is the simple process of learning and knowing. It is not restricted to the schools only. Education starts from the mother’s lap. Parents and family inculcate good manners and make responsible citizens out of their children. Home is called first school of the children, but the formal education starts from the school, where they are taught, how to behave and understand what is going on around them.

Importance of Education

“The foundation of every state is the education of its youth”. Diogenes Laertius

Education is very important for every human being. It makes one able to understand what is happening around us logically and clearly. Only educated person has the ability to take practical decisions and make right moves at the right time. Human existence without education is just like fecund land. Education not only enables individuals to put their potential to best use and do something productive in the upcoming future, but also plays a main role in shaping an individual to be a better, responsible citizen and an active member of the society. An educated person with self-confidence and precise moves knows how to transform the world. Education provides the ladder for achieving success in life and enables us to utilize skills and caliber in a constructive way. Therefore, it’s the prime responsibility of an individual to get educated and live a prosperous life while being a responsible citizen.

Education in Pakistan

Education plays a vital role in human capital formation. It raises the productivity and efficiency of individuals and thus produces skilled manpower that is capable of leading the economy towards the path of sustainable economic development.

The situation in Pakistan, like many other developing countries, is not very encouraging. The low enrolment rates at the primary level, wide disparities between regions and gender, lack of trained teachers, deficiency of proper teaching materials and poor physical infrastructure of schools indicate the poor performance of this sector.

Middle class go to a bit more affordable private institutes and the poor ones are left behind who then join the government institutes, with poor educational faculties.

The outcome of this class difference is that English medium schools students learn least about Islam but they gather a sound knowledge of outside world.

Apart from the above mentioned educational systems, another system is also being run i.e. seminary system imparting children solely with religious education and no emphasis on modern studies, producing a generation that knows well about religion but is deprived of essential modern education.

As the medium of education offered by all institutes is not the same, it leads to conflicts among the classes and sense of deprivation especially among the poor ones. This continues at higher education level as well, e.g. LUMS, IBA, GIKI etc these institutions are meant for the elite class, developing social class differences between the students of lower class institutes who might have better abilities and caliber than the students of these institutes, but their intelligence goes neglected, resulting in a waste of talent that could bring Pakistan to the best of its Success and development.

Moreover the examination system is nor fair and just. Corruption and bigotry prevail our education system at all levels, if you have contacts and resources you can climb up to as high a level of success as you desire, it is the poor and middle class that suffers always, and the Government seems to have turned deaf ear to the wimping of these deprived people.

The education status in Pakistan is not unstable since its establishment. The biggest reason why Pakistan’s lagging far behind many countries that were founded somewhere near the era in which Pakistan was formed, is its low literacy rate, i.e. poor education system.

Literacy rate of Pakistan is almost around 50% where the essentials for being termed an educated person are that you are able of reading and writing (34% aprox). Which is not a good sign, with a result that more than half of the literate ones are also not educated in a completely proper way?

Education teaches one the way of spending a good life, it teaches one the etiquettes, the proper manners, and civilities to live an honorable life. It changes a person’s mindset and makes him more flexible and poised in his attitude towards various aspects of life. As Most of the Pakistanis are deprived of their very basic right of getting educated they never become independent and are exploited and influenced by the educated ones, this creates great disparities in social classes. Corruption, feudalism, living on Loans, etc these are all the problems that arise as a result of poor education, hence, the people fail to elect correct people for the government and suffer whole their lives because the mindset cannot be altered except only with education So, it’s a dire need of the debilitating education-health status of the state that proper education system be implemented so that a just even social, economic and political system would be ensured. And soon shall Pakistan make its way to the soaring heights of Progress and development.

Problems in Education of Pakistan

Education is considered as the cheapest defense of a nation. But the down trodden condition of education in Pakistan bears an ample testimony of the fact that it is unable to defend its own sector. Though 62 years have been passed and 23 policies and action plans have been introduced yet the educational sector is waiting for an arrival of a savior. The government of Pervaiz Musharraf invested heavily in education sector and that era saw a visible positive educational change in Pakistani society. Now a days, the economic situation in Pakistan is under stress and education is the worse effected sector in Pakistan. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan says,

“The state of Pakistan shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period.”

In Human development Report Pakistan is placed at 136th position for having just 49.9% educated populace. The primary completion rate in Pakistan, given by Date Center of UNESCO, is 33.8% in females and 47.18% in males, which shows that people in the 6th largest country of the world are unable to get the basic education.

Problems in Education

Following are the problems in education in Pakistan.

1. Education System is based on Unequal Lines

The educational system of Pakistan is based on unequal lines. Medium of education is different in both, public and private sector. This creates a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments.

2. Regional Disparity

Regional disparity is also a major cause. The schools in Baluchistan (The Largest Province of Pakistan By Area) are not that much groomed as that of Punjab (The Largest Province of Pakistan By Population). In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29.5% in males and 3% in females.

3. Ratio of Gender Discrimination

The ratio of gender discrimination is a cause which is projecting the primary school ratio of boys & girls which is 10:4 respectively. For the last few years there has been an increase in the growth of private schools. That not only harms the quality of education but creates a gap among haves and has not.

4. Lack of Technical Education

The lack of technical education is a biggest flaw in the educational policy that has never been focused before. Therefore, less technical people mean less.

The allocation of funds for education is very low. It is only 1.5 to 2.0 percent of the total GDP. It should be around 7% of the total GDP.

6. Untrained Teachers

The teachers in government schools are not well trained. People who do not get job in any other sector, they try their luck in educational system. They are not professionally trained teachers so they are unable to train a nation.

Poverty is also another factor that restricts the parents to send their children to public or private schools. So, they prefer to send their children to madrassas where education is totally free.

Recently, minister of education announced a new Education policy for that next 10 years. The interesting thing is that the previous educational policy from 1998 to 2010 is still not expired. Although it is projected to give new plans and to make more promises with the nation. It is said in this policy that all the public schools will be raised up to the level of private schools. No plan of action have been discussed, yet a notice is issued to private schools to induct government course in 5th and 8th class and these classes will bound to take board exams. This disturbed the students of private sector also.

Solutions for Educational System

Estimating the value of education, the Government should take solid steps on this issue. Implementation instead of projecting policies should be focused on. Allocation of funds should be made easy from provinces to districts and then to educational institutes. Workshops must be arranged for teachers. Foreign states are using LSS system. This should be inducted in Pakistani schools to improve the hidden qualities of children. Technical education must be given to all the classes. The education board of Punjab has projected a plan to give tech- education to the children of industrial workers. Promotion of the primary education is the need of time. Teachers, professors and educationists should be consulted while devising any plan, syllabus or policy. The state seems to give up her responsibility and totally relying on private sector. The need of time is to bring education in its original form to masses. Burdening students with so much books will not work as he will not understand what the world is going to do next moment. Education is the only cure of the instability in the state and can bring revolution through evolution, by eradicating the social evils. This is how to remove illiteracy in Pakistan.

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Women universities as agents of change: CSS ESSAY 2020

Table of Contents

Thesis Statement

Women universities play a crucial role in empowering women and driving social change by creating inclusive learning environments, challenging gender norms, and addressing gender disparities in education and employment.

Introduction

Women universities, dedicated to providing higher education exclusively to women, have emerged as powerful agents of change in societies around the world. By focusing on the education, empowerment, and leadership development of women, these institutions have transformed the lives of countless individuals and contributed to the progress of communities. This essay explores the significance of women universities as agents of change, highlighting their role in fostering gender equality, challenging gender norms, and driving social and economic development.

Exposition: The Role of Women Universities in Empowering Women

Women universities, also known as female-only institutions, are educational institutions specifically designed to cater to the needs and aspirations of women. While the concept of women’s education dates back centuries, women universities have gained prominence in recent times. They offer a unique educational environment that nurtures and empowers women, providing them with opportunities to pursue their academic and professional goals. Women universities are guided by the principles of inclusivity, empowerment, and gender equality.

Description: Advantages and Benefits of Women Universities

Women universities offer several advantages and benefits that contribute to the empowerment of women. Firstly, they create safe and inclusive learning environments where women can freely express themselves, explore their potential, and engage in intellectual discourse without the limitations imposed by traditional gender roles. Secondly, these institutions foster gender equality by providing equal opportunities for women in education and leadership. Finally, women universities focus on developing the skills, knowledge, and confidence of women, equipping them with the tools necessary to succeed in their careers and make a positive impact on society.

Argumentation: Women Universities as Agents of Change

Women universities serve as agents of change in multiple ways. Firstly, they challenge gender stereotypes and norms by breaking down barriers that hinder women’s progress. By providing women with access to education and creating supportive environments, these institutions empower women to defy societal expectations and pursue their passions. Secondly, women universities address gender disparities in education and employment by bridging the gender gap in traditionally male-dominated fields and promoting female representation in leadership positions. Lastly, women universities drive social and economic development by producing educated and empowered women who contribute to their communities and economies.

Narration: Success Stories and Impact of Women Universities

The impact of women universities can be seen through the success stories of their graduates. Many influential women leaders, innovators, and change-makers have emerged from these institutions. Their accomplishments serve as inspirations and proof of the transformative power of women universities. Additionally, case studies of women university initiatives, such as entrepreneurship programs, community development projects, and research advancements, highlight the broader impact these institutions have on society.

Counterargument and Refutation: Addressing Criticisms of Women Universities

While women universities have proven to be catalysts for change, they are not without criticisms. Some argue that these institutions promote segregation and exclusivity, separating women from the broader educational landscape. However, it is essential to counter these arguments by emphasizing the unique needs and challenges faced by women and the importance of safe spaces for their education. Women universities complement coeducational institutions by addressing gender-specific barriers and providing specialized support to women.

Women universities are powerful agents of change, playing a vital role in empowering women and driving social progress. By creating inclusive learning environments, challenging gender norms, and addressing gender disparities in education and employment, these institutions have transformed the lives of women and contributed to the advancement of societies. As we celebrate the accomplishments of women universities, it is crucial to recognize their ongoing significance in creating a more equitable and inclusive world. By investing in women’s education, we invest in the future of our communities and the betterment of humanity as a whole.

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Essay on “Aims, Objective and Problems of Education” for CSS, PMS

December 6, 2021
Essay for CSS PMS and Judiciary Exam

This is an essay on “Aims, Objective and Problems of Education” for CSS, PMS. Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, morals, beliefs, habits, and personal development. Educational methods include teaching, training, storytelling, discussion, and directed research. Education is the basic need of every society. So to analyze its aims, objectives, and problems, here is a complete essay on the topic of Essay on “Aims, Objective and Problems of Education” for CSS, PMS, and All Judiciary Examinations.

In this essay, you will learn about the aims, objectives, and problems of Education in Pakistan. Here you will also find the solution for achieving a high education standard in Pakistan.

Essay on “Aims, Objectives, and Problems of Education”

Introduction View of Quaid-e-Azam Aims and objectives of education

Lack of education budget
Different syllabus
Different mediums of instruction
Outdated syllabus
Lack of teacher training
Outdated teaching methodology
Lack of quality education
Failed education policy
Flawed education system
Other social problems
Increase education budget up to 4 % of GDP
Uniformity of Educational Systems
Updated and research-based curriculum
Abolish feudalism, a root cause of all social problems in Pakistan
Teachers’ appointments on a merit basis
Teachers’ training
Effective educational policies
Promoting research culture
Free education
Reforming examination system

Role of HEC

Recommendations

Essay on “Aims, Objective and Problems of Education” for CSS, PMS

Introduction.

Quaid-e-Azam said:

“You know that the importance of education and the right type of education cannot be overemphasized. Under foreign rule for over a century, sufficient attention has not been paid to the education of our people. There is an immediate and urgent need for giving scientific and technical education to our people in order to develop science, commence and, trade and particularly well-planned industries. We should not forget that we have to compete with the world. which is moving very fast in this direction. ”

(Pakistan Educational Conference, 1947)

Education plays the role of leadership in society. The functions of educational institutions are to develop people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially, and spiritually. It improves and promotes the economic, social, political, and cultural life of the nation. Until now the role of secondary and college education in Pakistan has been simply preparation for tertiary education, which in the minds of most people means strictly· a university education.

All over the world universities are guiding and co-operating with the industrial and .agricultural development organizations and they are developing their economics rapidly and meaningfully. There is a close link between education and development. In Pakistan, after more than six decades, the developmental indicators are not showing positive results. The participation rate at higher education is low compared to other countries of the region.

There are problems with the quality of staff, students, library and laboratory. Relevance with society needs, research facilities, financial crisis, art students more than science students, weaknesses of examination, ineffective governance , and academic results are not at par with international standards.

Aims and objectives of education

Since independence, attempts have been made to relate the education system to the needs and inspirations of the country. Various commissions and committees were established from time to time during the educational history of Pakistan by various regimes. It is however our sad to observe that in spite of all efforts and importance given to the education sector, standards of education have gone down. It is a matter of serious concern to find that educational degrees awarded in Pakistan have lost their past prestige and recognition. However, aims and objectives of education are formulated by various national educational policies as:

To reestablish the existing education system with a view to providing the social, political, and spiritual needs of society.
preserve the ideology of Pakistan within the Islamic ethos ensured in the 1973 constitution
promote unity and patriotism and the desire for the welfare state
preserve and promote cultural and ethical norms and religious toleration
provide equal educational opportunities to all citizens of Pakistan
create responsible members of society and global citizens
develop democratic and moral values
review confidence in public education systems by raising the quality of education in government institutions
improve services of education governance and management
improve the quality of education particularly relevant to the need of the economy
eradicate illiteracy within the shortest possible time through different illiteracy programs
enable the individuals to earn their livelihood through skills which further contribute to the national economy
encourage planning has been µndertaken by the government but without taking the ground realities into account and without the participation of the community and proper implementation of these policies. Research in higher education institutions that will contribute to the economic growth of the country.
To organize a national process for education development that will reduce disparities across the country.

Problems for Education System

Today Pakistan is facing a number of problems i.e. poverty, insecurity, terrorism, sectarianism, and many more, and the base provided to all these problems by lack of awareness, tolerance, and illiteracy, developed by an ineffective educational system. The vital role and significance of the education system are largely neglected in Pakistan. There are also some other factors responsible for instability in Pakistan but education is the crucial one. The education system of Pakistan is facing some serious problems.

Though 67 years have been passed and 23 policies and actions planned have been introduced yet the education sector is waiting for the solution of its problem i.e. multiple systems of education, lacking adequate funds, inadequate physical, and other facilities, poor examination system, dropouts, low enrollment rate, inconsistency in education policies, aimless education, no free and compulsory education, political interference, corruption, outdated curricula, poor management and supervision, lack of research, the secularization of education and deficiency of professional teachers. In order to address these problems, there is a dire need for the formulation of rational policies and plans as well as an adequate system for their implementation.

The word education is derived from the Latin word “Educare” which literally means “to bring out”. Thus education in a way can mean the bringing out and the development of all the inherent potentialities of an individual. Education is a constructive factor for any society. It opens a new horizon for people to perceive things· in different dimensions. We need education because without it we cannot be a united and strong nation.

We cannot properly understand our national aims and the way of achieving them if most of our people remain uneducated. If most of our people get an education they can understand the value of unity and discipline in life. They can cooperate with one another in different fields of life. They can understand and work for their own high aims and those of their nation or country. They can understand and obey the law of land and become good citizens. Education can enable our people to make proper industrial; agricultural, and technical progress. Educated people prove to be more efficient and beneficial for society.

Today our education system does not offer the environment and opportunity of one and equal system of education. We have a very divisive education system that has created a huge gap among the nation and penetrated deeply into our culture. Thus different tiers have been created in our system over a period of 67 years to facilitate the hold of the elite over the governing of our nation .

There are many systems working in the country, resulting in social division and conflict. Today our multiple tier education systems can be highlighted in the following categories:

The share of public education expenditure in national budgets increased in many regional countries but it has declined in Pakistan. According to the International Crisis Group, Pakistan is one of only 12 countries in the world that spends less than 2 percent of its GDP on education. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan (2015-16), Pakistan spends around 2 % of its GDP on the education sector.

Less than fifty percent of the funds allocated for development expenditure of the Ministry of Education at the federal level are actually utilized. A major reason for this underutilization of funds is their complex financial allocation and release system. The province lacks the finical resources to achieve the goal of universal primary education.

A lot of political interference is noted in the appointments transfer and violation of merit. Most of the time, educators’ seats are predecided leaving job seekers in panic. MPAs and MNAs quotas have badly affected the recruitment system of education. Pakistan has not been able to develop basic administration and infrastructure for effective planning. Planning is based too much on the idea of political official and little gross root enrollment.

Cambridge Education system (foreign educatio~ system) is exclusively for the children of very rich so that they can after graduation goes overseas for higher education on the foreign exchange provided to them by Pakistan State Bank. So the students from the elite class follow the “O” and “A” levels curriculum instead of Pakistan’s domestic, poor quality curriculum. They have little or no awareness of their religion and culture.

Pakistan Secondary Education System is provided by private and government schools, one for the middle class and the other for the poor. The one for the middle class has medium instruction in English and the other one in Urdu. The children from these institutions, if they happen to have good grades and the parental financial capital go to the colleges of their preference, and the rest either become clerks/ cashiers/ salesperson in a shop/worker in the factory/ any other work which comes in their way.

Madrassah Education System is supposed to provide religious education; however, poverty is another factor that restricts the parents to send their children to public or private school so that they prefer to send their children to madrassah where education is free. Religious madrassas churn out yet another class that is usually unaware of the world outside their own.

Education develops the roots of any nation. Any nation prepares its generation according to their ideological, cultural, social, and religious norms through education but the education system of Pakistan is entirely aimless. It would probably be more correct to say that its sole aim is to produce manpower for running the administration which was inherited by Pakistan from the colonial system. Our education system is producing goods for no means and use.

Socially culturally and politically unrest is caused by improper education of our new generation, who can play a role of a weapon for the development of the country. Our education system did not preserve our social cultural and religious norms in the 21st century where western countries have made huge advancements towards science and technology we are still lagging behind in them in the respective fields. Our system is not imparting knowledge. Development of thinking, reasoning, and talent creation is missing.

Over the years since independence public has seen various political parties in the action, various reforms about education, various declarations on paper but nothing has been fulfilled in a prosperous way. The main reason for the failure of our educational system is the grooming of less technical faculty. Our methods have been stereotyped and new techniques of teaching and materials to make lessons more interesting to the students have not been adopted. Most of our teachers joined teaching just as a job to earn their livelihood.

Cramming is part and parcel of our academic calendar, students are asked to spoon-feed the technical terms instead of perceiving their fundamental concept, emphasis is given on amount then on logic. Over these years education department has hardly spent any funds on advanced coaching of “their faculty staff which still stuck in the old age teaching techniques and are unaware of modem methods of teaching and convincing students thorough sheer knowledge. Students are not able to lose library and other modem educational facilities nor are they able to get help from their teachers.

Rote learning is common practice both because of the educational tradition and because of the lack of teaching material. Teachers rely mainly on the lecture method. One of the chronic problems of our education system is the shortage of teachers due to which merit criteria are ignored though the number of teachers has been gradually increasing it does not match favorably with the number of students and there is a gap between the students and teachers ratio.

Pakistan’s emphasis is given on quantity, not on quality which will make things more worse for our future generation. The curriculum of our education system is not based on its objectives to create the power of reasoning in a child. It has no direct connection with the practical life which the students will have to face when he becomes mature person in society. Our curriculum is not updated to compete with the rest of the world in modem education. Our national survival both in terms of economic and defense potentials depends entirely on the kind of education we provide to our children. The basic problem is that our curriculum is not promoting the interest of the student towards practical work and scientific knowledge.

A number of educational policies were introduced from time to time by various regimes in the history of Pakistan for reforms but due to lack of implementation and inconsistency, it showed no result. Major policies decisions are made under threats from the strongest pressure group or by the political leaders for their own political slogan rather than in keeping with the overall needs of the country. Little is no research is done on the implication of these policies and their long-term costs. Similarly, there is hardly any harmonization between the federal and provincial governments which leads to poor policy implementation. There are also complaints that the government’s consultation with the nonstate sector does not necessarily result in action. Teachers have also been generally ignored in the policy-making process.

Corruption is one of the major contributing factors to the failure of educational policy. It is due to a lack of accountability and transparency along with the low salaries of the staff. Similarly, a large number of schools are operating in the records but do not actually exist, rose in the record by some corrupt officials. There is also political, social-cultural, and moral corruption found in our education system. Teachers poorly paid in the best of circumstances, made extra money by tutoring and payment of bribes. The ultimate corruption was the outright sale of bogus certificates and degrees. For transferring and posting often required payment of bribes to government agencies.

Examinations are ·conducted to test the ability of a student and find out his standard of academic learning and knowledge. By the use of illegal practice in our examinations has become very widespread and spoiled its objectives. The problem of illegal practices concerns the examiners the invigilators, the students, the parents, and the examination board. The students look upon a degree as a passport to employment in a commercial commodity that can be purchased if you pay the price.

Unfortunately, some parents also share the same views and have actively helped their children in using unfair means to pass the examination but the most tragic part of the story is that our educationists have also been contaminated by the poison of this evil. Our poor examination system encourages rote learning and cramming. This system is criticized for its tendency to define education as the pursuit of high marks~d not the development of intellectual power through learning. Our examination system is not regarding as an accurate measure of actual achievement and future performance. This poor system spoiled our education standards. In Sindh and Balochistan, students are allowed to use their helping material like books and notes during paper timing.

Any nation prepares its generation according to its ideology, culture, and religion through education. Pakistan is an ideological state based on Islamic ideology but it is still unclear that what should be the Islamic content of our curriculum. Our system of education is not able to protect our religious norms and guide our new generation according to Islam. Despite highlighting technological and literal knowledge backwardness, the government is concentrating on abolishing Islamic norms and values and hinders the patriotism of the Pakistani people.

The provision of providing basic education has been a goal since independence and enrolment have been increasing but the percentage of students completing primary school has been falling. Only 30 percent of those who enroll in .primary education ever reach their matriculation exam. The major problem in our education is a large number of dropouts. It is estimated that it is mostly due to economic reasons and an unattractive school environment. Thus our school-going children cannot even acquire the basic skill of learning and a number of them fall back into the category of illiterates.

Though Pakistan has made some effort and improving the enrollment rates at the primary level, the achievement at present in this regard is still far below that of other countries in the region. The present enrollment rate at Pakistan is 54 percent for males and 30 percent which is very low and comparable to other countries of the region which have by and large crossed the 100 percent mark for both males and females. Teacher absenteeism, untrained teachers, inadequate materials, and obsolete teaching methods are the main reasons for low enrolment in schools. Most of the public schools are poorly managed, impart education of poor quality, use poorly written textbooks and use curricula that are not relevant for the needs of the 21st century.

Seeking knowledge is the religious duty of every Muslim to get it is the religious duty of every Muslim. To get it done is the biggest responsibility of the state. In our education system is there is no free and compulsory education for the entire citizen available on an equal basis. In the other countries of the region, there is free and compulsory basic education in order to create discipline and feelings of common identity and integration, irrespective of their social and economic background.

Following are some suggestions to improve the education system in Pakistan:

The solution to Improve Education System

Lack of funding is also a problem. According to UNO standards, a country should allocate 4 percent of its GDP towards education but in Pakistan, very low spending on education is found, only about 2 percent of the GDP. Moreover, it is very clear that if existing funds are utilized fairly then there could be no shortfall of funds. There are many systems working here, resulting in social division and conflict. For example, we have English medium schools, Urdu medium schools, and religious madrasas. Therefore, a uniform system of education for all citizens should be introduced. One medium of instruction should be introduced, for which English is suggesting which the demand of the modem world is.

The curriculum is usually inappropriate or at least inadequate for the set goals in many disciplines. There should be an integrated system in which one step leads to the next to enable a student to develop a truly sound base for the discipline he or she is interested in. The curriculum should be made updated to compete he the modem world. Computer education should also be introduced gradually. Religious education should be incorporated into the curriculum.

At the proper stage, the Arabic language should also be introduced for greater unity in the Ummah, and for a better understanding of Islam. A true understanding of Islamic teaching can only be achieved if the people of Islamic ideology are given due importance in the teaching of Islamiyat, Pakistan studies, and the Arabic language. The curriculum should be made interesting by institutions like museums, internet clubs, libraries, etc. Interesting and informative documentaries and activities should also be designed. Contributions from the public can also be sought for this purpose.

We can improve the quality of our education through teachers’ training because the education can only be good as the teachers. Teaching is not as much easy a profession as it is considered in our country. Hence while hiring teachers there should be a very c1itical process. In our country, most teachers are hired due to their relationships with local MNAs. And in most places teachers are hired but they do not attend schools in remote places.

Sometimes teachers put anyone else in their place and enjoy their pay while sitting at home and give some percentage to their substitute teachers. The hiring process should include written tests, interviews, and demonstrations. Teaching is an art and everyone could not teach, it should be checked through demonstrations. Government should compare its training mode with the training of elite schools teachers. Or government should train trainers from elite school trainers to improve the whole training menu.

Introduce high-quality selection procedure for higher level teachers and introduce modem teaching techniques by use of A.V aids. Stress should be given to developing basic skills because usually, even our postgraduates lack basic skills. Poor teaching is the most prominent problem, so various teams of experts should be involved in performing the improvement teaching methods by introducing and implementation of various training. Modem techniques should be adopted. Instruction in science, history, and social studies should be incorporated in language teaching at the primary and secondary levels through activities and projects.

The teaching job is not attractive in Pakistan. Most girls and boys do teaching just for time to pass in their study gaps. The teacher’s job has no respect and status in our country, that’s why we have a lot of low standard and unqualified teachers. The hiring process, facilities, and pay packages of teachers also show that a teaching job is a poor job and professional people do not prefer it.

Government should make this job attractive by announcing a number of income packages especially for those who are hired in remote areas. Remote area teachers should be facilitated by residents and transport facilities along with additional pay. An attractive salary package should be introduced for the teachers and other officials to minimize the chances of corruption. Another problem with Pakistan is brain drain.

Capable and outstanding professionals prefer foreign jobs instead of serving in their own country. This is due to the low financial output and indifferent attitude of go. By facilitating them we can restore our outstanding professionals. Award system should also be introduced in the shape of medals and increments for good performance.

Implementation of policy should be insuring instead of introducing new policies. There should consistency in these policies which can provide gradual steps for one another for better implementation.

Teachers professors and other educationists should be consulted in the policy-making process. The research is the key to the solution of many problems and has basic significance in bringing the above qualities and improvement in education. In recognition of this fact, the national institute of educational research should be established to conduct research, facility, and communication, provide gelidness and counseling. Universities professors should be facilitated to conduct research.

We are just allocating less than two percent of GDP. The educational budget should be increased at par with international limited research-related activities. The Standard of Universities should be research centers only and must not be allowed to conduct graduate or post-graduate examinations. High priority should be given to research and development and technology, in .order to solve practical problems.

Free and compulsory education should be provided on equal bases up to metric. Primary education should be made compulsory and free of cost; it is already free of cost but not compulsory. To show good results in educational reforms great stress should be given examination system. Education ministry should try their best to conduct a pure examination system. It is suggested that equal importance should be given to external as well as to internal assessment, to eliminate the chances of corruption and illegal promotion.

Students should be given more scholarships and government should support intelligent and outstanding students. Higher education commission should send position holder students of intermediate under their strict observations and conditions, to foreign developed countries for studies, with full facilities and contracts to return after completion of studies. China adopts the same strategy to meet global competitiveness. Banks should be encouraged to give student loans on an easy basis.

In developed countries, besides teacher training, there is a strong concentration on parents’ training. Children passed only 8 to 6 hours with teachers and the remaining 16 hours with parents. Children learn from all sorts of activities and experiences in their life therefore there is a dire need to improve all teachers (parents are real teachers). Parents should be trained that how should they behave with their children in different matters, how could they create tolerance and a democratic attitude in their children.

The present government should declare a national educational emergency and involve the whole nation, including the army, in waging a war against illiteracy. For this, it is suggested that it should be made a mandatory requirement for various degree programs that the candidates, after taking their exams, shall spend a specified period of time in teaching at assigned institutions which should be given in a judicious and practical manner, Ask for volunteers with specified qualifications to contribute their services in their areas of work or residence under organized bodies of the government. Ask the public to contribute voluntarily for this purpose financially.

In a nutshell, education provides the base for socio-economic development. An educational system of poor quality may be one of the most important reasons why poor countries do not grow. In Pakistan, the quality of education is on the decline in spite of the fact that the present government has initiated drastic measures in uplifting the quality and quantity of education. It is evident that without teachers’ transformation we cannot transform the education system for improving the quality of education.

The importance of higher education as an engine of socio-economic development for Pakistan cannot be overestimated. Good quality, merit-based, equitable, efficient tertiary education and 104 research are essential to develop a knowledge economy, to improve standards of living, and to avail of social benefits like better health, lower crime, civic responsibility, environmental awareness, and more tolerant and inclusive society.

With an ever-increasing population and increasing demands from the economy, widening and increasing participation has remained a permanent goal of the higher education/sector in Pakistan. Unfortunately, lack of political will and finances over’ decades have produced a higher education sector that is both small in size and low in performance, a condition that is not compatible with national objectives to develop as a modem and competitive society.

Additional factors like poor quality of education at the secondary level, poor grasp of the English language by students, and the unstable socio-political environment of universities heavily impact the quality equilibrium. At the tum of this century, only 2.9% of the approximately 21 million people between the ages of 17 and 23 in Pakistan had access to university education. At present, there are a total of 114 universities in the country – only 64 in the public sector. There 0 has been a proliferation of private universities in recent years, but they have tended to specialize in market-oriented disciplines like IT, Management Sciences, and Business.

The Higher Education Commission (HEC) was formed ‘in 2002 with strong political support and substantial budgetary allocations to start an extensive reform process in higher education. To improve access, learning needs for the 21st century had to be balanced with the willingness/capacity of institutions to expand. It has therefore been a priority to optimize the utilization of existing resources and focus on physical infrastructure development, as well as technological infrastructure development so that modem approaches including distance education methodologies can play their proper role.

To raise participation in higher education, the HEC has also focused on quality improvement in faculty, research and learning environment, curricula, governance, assessment, accreditation of institutions, and industrial linkages. Equity issues have been approached mainly through the provision of need-based scholarships for marginalized groups. As per the latest data, enrolment in public institutions is now increasing at approximately 30% per year – at par with the private sector.

The HEC has declared the following as its core strategic aims:

faculty development
Improving access
Promoting excellence in learning and research
Relevance to the economy
Developing leadership, governance, and management
Enhancing quality
Physical and technological infrastructure develop

As has been discussed above, higher education has only recently received greater emphasis than ever before. If we recall the goal of the 1947 Education Policy statement, it was expected that a class of elite would be created through higher education that would determine the quality of our civilization and would direct and plan our national life. This aspiration is true even today and investment in higher education will permit society to achieve this goal. The issues of relevance and quality of higher education will allow the product of a university to be equipped with the capacity to innovate, create and determine the contours of a knowledge-based economy.

The emphasis on quality needs to be further strengthened, as only numerical achievement in the field of higher education is not a necessary guarantor of a quality product. Our universities must become centers of research and creative learning, providing answers today to the questions of tomorrow and not learning today the answers of yesteryears.

Presently with the national investment in education at 2.2% of the GDP, investment in higher education is around 15% of this outlay. In our view, while investment in education should rise, over the next 4 years, to 4% of the GDP, the share of higher education should rise to the level of about 18- 20% of the total investment during the same period. In another 5 years, while the investment in education should increase to 6% of the GDP, a quarter of that investment should go to higher education by 2015.

While higher education has been in the limelight over the last 3 years, it has been perceived to be at the cost of elementary and secondary education. However, in absolute numbers, higher education needs further financial resources. It is another matter that investment in elementary and secondary education (including higher secondary education and TVE) must be substantially increased to create an inter-sector balance between various sub-sectors.

The perception that education is completed only on obtaining a tertiary degree does not necessarily hold good and this needs to be changed. Only those interested in research should go for higher education. It also appears that the emphasis on sciences is at the expense of humanities thus compromising the transmission of basic and cultural values. It also appears that Higher Education Commission (HEC) is working in divorce from other policy frameworks. While the HEC is keen to improve the key areas of access, quality, and relevance, quality issues in higher education institutions continue to persist and more long-term answers are needed rather than a celebration of short-term numerical achievements.

There is a serious concern about the quality of distance learning provided by Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU). This has pervasive repercussions on the quality of such pursuits and particularly affects in-service capacity enhancement programs. It is understood that AIOU is conscious of its current weaknesses but strong commitment and investment need to be made in AIOU because of the widespread influence that it has over so many areas of learning and production of skilled people for economic development.

Greater investment needs to be made an assurance of quality product from higher learning and the HEC must ensure that assessment procedures in higher education are of the highest international standards and the HEC being a regulator needs to be a guarantor of all university degrees in Pakistan for minimum acceptable standards. Regarding the relevance of university education, the issue will be separately addressed in this document.

Education provides the base for socio-economic development. An educational system of poor quality may be one of the most important reasons why poor countries do not grow. In Pakistan, the quality of education is on the decline in spite of the fact that the present government has initiated drastic measures in uplifting the quality and quantity of education. The quality of teachers especially at the primary level is still questionable. It is evident that without teachers’ transformation we cannot transform the education system for improving the quality of education. In this regard, a series of education reforms in the area of teacher education was introduced in the public sector but their vision seemed to be narrow, hence, they failed to make any substantial impact on the quality of teachers and the teaching process. Eventually, it further affected the quality of education being offered in schools. The education system of Pakistan is facing new challenges. It has yet to be developed at par with other developing countries in the region.

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The Long-Run Impacts of Banning Affirmative Action in US Higher Education

This paper estimates the long-run impacts of banning affirmative action on men and women from under-represented minority (URM) racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Using data from the US Census and American Community Survey, we use a difference-in-differences framework to compare the college degree completion, graduate degree completion, earnings, and employment of URM individuals to non-URM individuals before and after affirmative action bans went into effect across several US states. We also employ event study analyses and alternative estimators to confirm the validity of our approach and discuss the generalizability of the findings. Results suggest that banning affirmative action results in a decline in URM women’s college degree completion, earnings, and employment relative to non-Hispanic White women, driven largely by impacts on Hispanic women. Thus, affirmative action bans resulted in an increase in racial/ethnic disparities in both college degree completion and earnings among women. Effects on URM men are more ambiguous and indicate significant heterogeneity across states, with some estimates pointing to a possible positive impact on labor market outcomes of Black men. These results suggest that the relative magnitude of college quality versus mismatch effects vary for URM men and women and highlight the importance of disaggregating results by gender, race, and ethnicity. We conclude by discussing how our results compare with others in the literature and directions for future research.

We thank the editors, William A. Darity, Jr. and Isabel Ruiz, for their feedback as well as Matthew Kraft, Ken Mayhew, Ariella Spitzer, and seminar participants at the Ramón Areces Foundation and University of Carlos III in Madrid. Antman acknowledges partial research support from the National Science Foundation, under NSF Award Number SES: 2121120. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research or the National Science Foundation.

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English Essay (CSS 2024)

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