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Festivals and Their Importance for Modern Culture Essay

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A festival is an event that is characterized by celebration and removal from the daily routine: it is full of different rituals, artistic performances, and other actions that bring some deeper meaning. The roots of most festivals are in traditions, local and global cultures, and religious beliefs. Modern festivals are connected with modern mass culture, and their organizers are usually professional event managers: they can be considered commercial events. Festivals are an essential part of modern culture, and their meanings, rites, and rituals are still actual today.

Festivals are built on modern and ancient traditions; they consist of rites and rituals that can be considered “building blocks” of the festival; those are the ceremonial actions that have some more profound sense. For example, rites of passage symbolize the transition from one state to another; rites of reversal emerge as masquerades and shows; rites of consumption are feasts where people eat and drink together for the sake of something (Fallasi 4–5). Today, festivals are widely used for communication between different people and cultures: they are important events for socialization (Cudny 644). Traditional festivals, such as Latin fiesta, usually adopt elements of global Western culture, such as elements of pop music, in their conventional music performances (Martinez 02:00–02:30). Thematic festivals are trendy and vital for today’s culture: different music festivals, art and design festivals, and even sex festivals (Cudny 650-651). Thus, festivals are essential to contemporary culture; they bring new senses and purposes.

Modern-day festivals are widespread around the Earth, and they often combine the elements of local cultures and modern global culture. For example, as the immigrants from Latin America, such as Peru, migrate to the United States, they adopt the global culture associated with mass media and capitalism and bring it home (Martinez 34:57). International festivals became popular: they usually use the traditional elements and present them in a modern way, usually much more impressive and large-scale than original elements. The large fire shows and performances in Peruvian fiestas are awe-inspiring (Martinez 35:50–36:20). Traditional music played at such festivals combines elements of modern pop and rock music. Traditions became the marketing element: festivals are widely used to attract attention, promote goods, and connect people (Catherine M. Cameron 167–70). In that way, today’s festivals are much more than only traditional holidays of the past: they are organized on higher levels, are used for different purposes, bring different themes and senses, and connect other people.

The reasons festivals became widespread in the 20th century are the increased level of festival tourism, improved management methods of festival organization, and general sociocultural changes. In industrial societies, people are happy to escape from everyday routine to the festive and vibrant atmosphere (Cudny 646). Most modern festival organizers are professional marketers, project and event managers, and promoters, and they similarly organize festivals as any other commercial event (Catherine M. Cameron 170–71). Such commodification is often treated as “evil” and leads to the loss of deeper meanings and authenticity of the cultural heritage; in fact, it is the evolution of purposes and not losing them (C. M. Cameron 165–66). Thus, today’s festivals are large, bright, multicultural, and multipurpose events.

One can conclude that festivals are an essential part of modern culture and are widely used for recreation, socialization, connecting people, and self-expression. Contemporary festivals, developed from ancient ceremonial holidays, are bright, vibrant events that connect elements of different cultures. Different types of festivals are used for self-expression, enjoyment of music and other art, and other experiences. People love festivals, enabling them to escape the daily routine and plunge into a festive, vibrant atmosphere.

Works Cited

Cameron, C. M. “The Marketing of Heritage: From the Western World to the Global Stage.” City & Society , vol. 20, no. 2, 2008, pp. 160–68.

Cameron, Catherine M. “The Marketing of Tradition: The Value of Culture in American Life.” City & Society , vol. 1, no. 2, 1987, pp. 162–74.

Cudny, Waldemar. “The Phenomenon of Festivals. Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications.” Anthropos , vol. 109, no. 2, 2014, pp. 640–56.

Fallasi, A. “Festival: Definition and Morphology.” Time out of Time , 1987, pp. 1–10.

Martinez, Wilton. “Transnational Fiesta – a Couple Attends a Traditional Festival in Peru.” Kanopy , uploaded by Documentary Educational Resources, 1992. Web.

Martinez, Wilton. “Transnational Fiesta: Twenty Years Later – the Evolution of Transmigrant Communities.” Kanopy , uploaded by Documentary Educational Resources, 2013. Web.

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Top Essays on Different Pakistani Cultural Festivals

Pakistan is the land of diverse people and ethnicity. The cultural and religious values are deep-rooted in its society. God has blessed this country with many cultural values and festivals. In addition to religious, cultural festivals, the country also takes pride in several cultural festivals and customs as well.

Being the land of festivals, Pakistanis observe these festivals throughout the year. These festivals are being observed from time immemorial.

The major Pakistani festivals are:

• Eid al Fitr
• Eid al Adha

Eid Milad-u-Nabi

Shab-e-barat.

• Independence Day
• Defense Day
• Pakistan Day / Resolution Day
• Alama Iqbal Day
• Quaid-e-Azam Day
• Mela Chirghan
• National Horse & Cattle show

Here we are giving the details of some festivals and cultures in Pakistan:

Eid-ul-Fitr

Eid-ul-Fitr is a religious festival for Muslims, and it is celebrated at the end of Ramadan after fasting and on 1 st  of Shawwal of every Islamic month. People celebrate this festival with a lot of keenness and joy. Girls wear henna on their hand on Chand Raat which is the last night of Ramadan.

Eid-ul-Azha

Eid-ul-Azha is another Eid is about observing the great sacrifice that was offered by Prophet Abraham (A.S.) celebrated on 10 Zilhaj on 12 th month of Islamic Calendar. People get together for collective prayers in Masajids and make the sacrifice of goats, sheep, cows or camels. Their meat is distributed among the family relatives, friends and poor.

Eid Milad-un-Nabi is celebrated to observe the birth of our beloved Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) on 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal which is the 3rd month of Islamic Calendar. On this holy day, streets and mosques are decorated, and Milads are conducted.

This is another religious Cultural Festivals in Pakistan which is celebrated on 14 th  of Shaban of Islamic Calendar. On this night, people offer prayers and send sweets and dishes to their relatives and children play with fireworks.

The above-mentioned festivals are religious festivals. Some other cultural festivals are also celebrated on the arrival of seasons. Like:

Independence Day (14 August)

Another important social festival which has great importance in the history of Pakistan is Independence Day (14th of August). On this day whole country pay homage and tribute to the people who gave many sacrifices for the built up this country. Also, pay tribute to those who work hard to make Pakistan and after that those persons whose contribution to make Pakistan in progress and save from enemies.

Basant is celebrated on the arrival of the spring season in the mid of February. Form last few years government has banned this Cultural Festivals in Pakistan due to security and its dangerous and life risk purpose but in few cities of Pakistan people still, celebrate this festival. On this day people fly kites, get together for parties, and arrange festive dinners.

Sibi Festival

(Last week of February) At Sibi (Balochistan). Traditional sports, handicrafts exhibition, folk music and dances.

Sindh Horse & Cattle Show

(Last week of February) At Jacobabad (Sindh). Similar activities as in Sibi Festival.

Jashan-e-Larkana

(Last week of February) At Larkana (Sindh). Traditional sports, an exhibition of handicrafts, folk music and dances.   

(21-23 March) Celebrated only in Gilgit, Hunza, Skardu and Chitral. Polo, football, volleyball and hockey matches, folk dances and music.

Pakistan Day

(23 March) Commemorating the anniversary of Pakistan Resolution passed on March 23, 1940. Military parade in provincial capitals and Islamabad.

Mela Chiraghan (Festival of lamps)

(Last week of March) Held for 01 weeks outside Shalimar Gardens, Lahore.

Horse & Cattle Show

(End of March till 1st week of April). At Dera Ismail Khan. Local games, folk dances, music, cattle races and exhibition of local handicrafts.

Jashan-e-Shikarpur

In April for 01 week) At Shikarpur, Sindh. Cultural activities, local sports and handicrafts exhibition.

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Essay on Indian Festivals in 500 Words in English

• Updated on  
• Mar 20, 2024

India is a land of diverse cultures. From the Northern Himalayas to the backwaters of Kerala, more than 700 cultures flourish in India. With a rich cultural diversity, several festivals are also celebrated in India. The list of Indian festivals is endless. Out of the 365 days a year, there is hardly any day on which a festival is not celebrated. 

Festivals bring joy and happiness to our lives. Indian festivals are not just celebrations. These are special occasions where we celebrate our traditional values with great enthusiasm. At Indian festivals, special arrangements are made, and homes and streets are decorated with flowers and lights. Some popular Indian festivals are Holi, Diwali, Janmashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Raksha Bandhan, Pongal, Eid, Navratri, Durga Puja, etc. 

Table of Contents

• 1 Why Indian Festivals Are Important to Us?
• 2 Most Popular Festivals in India
• 3 National Festivals/ Holidays
• 4 Conclusion
• 5 10 Lines on Indian Festivals
• 6 200 Words Essay on Indian Festivals

Check out our 200+ Essay Topics for School Students in English

Why Indian Festivals Are Important to Us?

Indian festivals are deeply rooted in the country’s rich cultural heritage and traditions. Celebrating these festivals reminds us of our rich heritage and traditional values. Indian festivals foster unity, and social cohesion among different communities, religions, and backgrounds. 

Our festivals are our cultural identity. Our festivals connect us with our cultural roots, language, customs, and heritage. They provide a sense of belonging and pride in one’s cultural identity.

In a diverse country like India, festivals serve as a unifying force by transcending regional, linguistic, and religious differences. They promote mutual respect, understanding, and harmony among people from various backgrounds, fostering national integration and unity in diversity.

Indian festivals have been categorized into three types of festivals: Religious Festivals, National Festivals/ Holidays, and State/ Regional Holidays.

Also Read: Essay on Good Friday in 500 Words in English

Most Popular Festivals in India

The first Indian festival of the year is Swami Vivekananda Jayanti on the 12th of January every year. Every festival has its significance and ways of celebrating. Here are popular festivals celebrated in India.

• Makar Sankranti/ Pongal
• Maha Shivratri
• Raksha Bandhan
• Janmashtami
• Navratri/ Durga Puja
• Dussehra/Vijayadashami
• Guru Nanak Jayanti

National Festivals/ Holidays

National festivals or holidays are the days of national importance. These days have both historical and religious significance. Celebrating national festivals like the Republic Day on 26th January and the Independence Day on 15th August or the birth of our national leaders commemorate significant historical events. Here are the three national holidays of India.

• Republic Day – 26th January
• Independence Day – 15th August
• Gandhi Jayanti – 2nd October

Also Read: Essay on Mother’s Day

Indian festivals are our identity. These festivals are celebrated with great enthusiasm, which not only serves as an occasion for love and joy but also fosters a sense of belonging and unity. Indian festivals show the rich Indian culture and diversity. People from all sections of society participate in festive celebrations and rituals, where they offer prayers to gods, exchange sweets and delicious food, and wear traditional clothes. Indian festivals are like bookmarks in the story of our lives, marking moments of celebration, reflection, and connection.

Also Read: Essay on Peer Pressure

10 Lines on Indian Festivals

Here are 10 lines on Indian festivals. You can surely add them to your essay on Indian festivals or similar essay topics.

• Indian festivals are filled with vibrant celebrations and joy, fostering unity and belonging.
• Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, Janmashtami, Ramnavmi, Baisakhi, Navratri and Pongal are some of the popular Indian festivals.
• They bring families and communities together, fostering unity and harmony.
• Each festival has its unique rituals, customs, and significance.
• Festivals mark important milestones, seasons, and religious observances.
• They offer moments of joy, reflection, and spiritual renewal.
• Festivals showcase India’s rich cultural diversity and heritage.
• From Diwali to Holi, each festival fills the air with excitement and enthusiasm.
• Festivals are occasions for feasting, sharing, and spreading happiness.
• They transcend boundaries of caste, creed, and religion, promoting inclusivity.

200 Words Essay on Indian Festivals

‘Indian festivals are important and days are celebrated with great enthusiasm and joy. These are special occasions that have historical, religious, and social importance. Indian festivals are celebrated by both adults and children, where they worship gods and goddesses, offer prayers, perform rituals, participate in social activities, and eat sweets and delicious sweets.

Indian festivals are divided into three categories. These are religious festivals, national holidays/ festivals, and regional festivals. In India, there are three national holidays or festivals. These are the days of national importance which are historically very important. The three national holidays of India are:

Indian festivals and their celebrations are both national and regional. Festivals like Diwali, Dussehra, and Holi are celebrated all over the country. Regional festivals, on the other hand, are celebrated in their respective states or regions. Pongal is celebrated in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Durga Puja is celebrated in West Bengal and the Bengali community. Baisakhi and Lohri by the Sikh community, and so on.

Indian festivals play a crucial role in promoting cultural diversity, social harmony, economic prosperity, and national unity, making them integral to the fabric of Indian society.’

Que. 1 How to write an essay on Indian festivals?

Ans . Festivals bring joy and happiness to our lives. Indian festivals are not just celebrations. These are special occasions where we celebrate our traditional values with great enthusiasm. At Indian festivals, special arrangements are made, and homes and streets are decorated with flowers and lights. Some popular Indian festivals are Holi, Diwali, Janmashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Raksha Bandhan, Pongal, Eid, Navratri, Durga Puja, etc. 

Que. 2 What are popular Indian festivals?

Ans. Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, Janmashtami, Ramnavmi, Baisakhi, Navratri, and Pongal are some of the popular Indian festivals.

Que. 3 What are national festivals in India?

Ans. National festivals are days of national importance, which mark important historical events and birth anniversaries of our national heroes. Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti are the three national festivals of India.

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Descriptive Essay: Cultural Festivals in The United States

Culture means different things to different people. For some it will be about heritage and respecting views and values of the past, for others it will be a way to live now- manners, refinement and activities that are enjoyed. As the United States has so many people with backgrounds from all over the world, cultural festivals will be very varied. Research has shown that there are at least 72 cultural festivals held in the United States each year.

2013 should see many interesting events unfold since it was announced that this was “The Year of Italian Culture.” Americans can expect to see events dedicated to eminent Italians dating as far back as Michelangelo and going through to the latest artists and scientists. Many cultural festivals will follow this format and be a way to show the pride people have in their ancestry.

Festivals dedicated to a nation will clearly be supported by those with the appropriate background, but the culture will have reached many others who will see the benefits of attending cultural festivals. The love of opera or country music, modern art or American Indian jewellery stretches way beyond the boundaries of where you were born and what your nationality is listed as on your passport.

Most of the festivals held each year are dedicated to individual cultures, but some encompass the country as a whole. One such event is the How Weird Street Faire, which is presented as a celebration of peace and funds raised are presented to the World Peace through Technology Organization. Participants turn up in costume and booths provide information on various ways the world should aim for peace.

Not all cultural festivals will have such a wide ranging theme as the peace festival and some will be to show how certain sections of society live an example being the Armish Arts and Crafts Festival. Cultural festivals do not have to be about being high brow and elitist, but can be based on the old ways of life and a more simple way of living.

The success of cultural festivals will depend on a number of things ranging from the location to the events involved to the fee charged. For some a true cultural festival will be priced so as to exclude many, but others see a free or low fee system as the way to make an event successful. For people who consider culture to be based on exclusivity the former will be the sort of events they attend the latter will be well avoided. For the people who see festivals as a way to bring people together and allow them to absorb other cultures, the latter will be the perfect solution. Whatever the view on culture, The United States will have a suitable festival.

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Festivals of India Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on festival of india.

Festivals are larger than life celebrations of various things. They occur at regular intervals and helping in breaking the monotony of life. Furthermore, they give you the chance to celebrate the little and big things in life. Festivals are the carriers of peace and joy in the communities. All nations of the world have certain religious and cultural festivals. However, India is one of the largest countries to celebrate numerous festivals. As India is a very cultural and diverse country , so are the festivals. They divide into three general categories of national, religious and seasonal.

Types of Indian Festivals

As we can divide the Indian festivals into national, religious and seasonal, we see how they differ from each other. In general, national festivals are celebrated in honor of reputable people and events. The religious ones follow legends of faiths and their beliefs. The seasonal ones are celebrated with each season that we experience that varies from region to region.

National Festivals

Moreover, they help in setting aside the differences of the countrymen and unite each other like never before. The capital of India, New Delhi is the seat of national festivals. For instance, it witnesses the grand parade of the Republic Day. The flag hoisting takes place in New Delhi, which is broadcasted on national television for the whole country to see.

Religious Festivals

The religious festivals are one of the most famous festivals not only throughout India but over the world. Some of the most prominent religious festivals are Diwali, Eid-Ul-Fitr, Christmas, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Holi and many more. Diwali and Holi are the most prominent festivals of the Hindu religion. They are very colorful and full of lights.

Next up, Eid-Ul-Fitr is an Islamic festival which celebrates the end of Ramadan. It is about delectable dishes and family gatherings. Christmas celebrates the birthday of Jesus Christ. Furthermore, it is about Christmas trees and Santa Claus. Guru Nanak Jayanti celebrates the birthday of Guru Nanak Dev.

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Seasonal Festivals

Finally, the particular regions of the country celebrate seasonal festivals. For instance, Bihu is a festival of Assam. Likewise, Tamil Nadu celebrates Pongal. In addition, there is Basant Panchami which people celebrate through North India and West Bengal as well.

Importance of Festivals

Festivals are very important. They make us forget our cultural and religious differences . They unite people and they come together for the sole purpose of celebration and happiness. Other than that, festivals also help us embrace our culture and religion. They are very helpful in breaking the monotony of life.

Moreover, people look forward to festivals all-round the year. Festivals spark joy and give people something to look forward to. In addition, people also repair their homes and paint them that look like brand new. It beautifies the look of the locality.

In short, festivals fill our lives with colors and enthusiasm. They bring us closer every year and eliminate any feelings of communal hatred. Further, they strengthen the bonds of the community and remove the malice from people’s hearts. Therefore, festivals are quite important and must be celebrated with passion.

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• Festivals Of India Essay

Festivals of India Essay

500+ words essay on the festivals of india.

India is a land of fairs and festivals. People of different religions and communities live here and therefore, many festivals are celebrated in India every year. One can capture the Indian tradition and culture best at its fairs and festivals marked by dance, music, sweets, etc. All the festivals are celebrated with great enthusiasm and happiness in a colourful atmosphere. An Essay on Festivals in India is a very common topic and is expected to be asked in the English exam. So, students are recommended to practise essays on this topic to score high marks in the writing section. This sample Essay on Festivals of India will give them some ideas and tips to organise their thoughts to form an effective essay.

Different Types of Indian Festivals

India is well known for its cultural and traditional festivals all over the world. As it is a secular country full of diversity in religions, languages, cultures and castes, every month, some festival celebration happens. Among these festivals, some are religious, some are based on the seasons and some are of national importance. Each and every festival is celebrated uniquely in different ways according to the various rituals and beliefs. Each festival has its own history, legend and significance of the celebration. Festivals bring bonding, love, cross-cultural exchange and happiness among people.

National Festivals

Festivals and fairs are significant parts of Indian cultural life. Some of the festivals are celebrated at a national level, whereas others are at a regional level. National festivals such as Gandhi Jayanti, Independence Day and Republic Day are celebrated by people of all religions across the entire nation. These festivals fill us with great pride and remind us of the freedom fighters who sacrificed their lives to make India independent and free from British rule. The whole nation unites together to celebrate these festivals and the spirit of togetherness, patriotism and nationalism can be found everywhere.

Religious Festivals

There are some religious festivals which are celebrated as a whole by different communities.

These include Diwali, Dussehra, Rakhsha Bandhan, Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Zuha, Christmas, Ganesh Chaturthi, etc., which are accompanied by religious rituals of one kind or the other. These traditional festivals have two aspects. One is worship which is performed according to specific religious norms. Another is composite culture, as the members of any community can participate in and celebrate these religious festivals. Thus, our festivals represent unity and encourage social bonding.

Seasonal Festivals

In India, most festivals are seasonal in nature. They announce the change in the season and mark the harvesting seasons. All the seasonal festivals are celebrated during two harvesting seasons, Kharif and Rabi. Besides, spring is another period of seasonal festivals. In Punjab, the Lohri festival indicates the harvesting of the winter crop. Pongal, Bihu and Onam celebrations mark the harvesting of paddy crops. Similarly, Holi and Baisakhi are celebrated to mark the harvesting of new rabi crops. Thus, these festivals symbolise the arrival of joy and wealth to farmers’ lives.

It is said that the “Greatness of a culture can be found in its festivals”. India has proved this saying as a variety of festivals are celebrated with full joy and happiness across the country. Different cultures and religions get tied together in bonds of love with invisible threads of celebrations. That’s why India is also known for unity in cultural diversity. Festivals teach us how to fight evil and falsehood and establish the truth. The festivals are marked by fervour, hope, and prayers for a better tomorrow.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Festivals of India Essay

Why are festivals given so much importance in india.

India has several religions and Indians enjoy celebrating these festivals. Festivals also involve the worship of various deities and also increase the interaction between family members.

What are some of the largely celebrated festivals in India?

Some of the festivals celebrated in India: 1. Diwali 2. Christmas 3. Ramzan 4. Ganesh Chaturthi 5. Dussehra/Vijayadashami

What are some of the values associated with the celebration of festivals?

1. Family bonding and interaction 2. Charity and helping the needy 3. Thanksgiving and showing gratitude

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An Indian Festival Paragraph: Celebrating Rich Culture and Traditions

An Indian Festival Paragraph: India is a country known for its diverse culture and rich traditions. One of the most significant aspects of Indian culture is the celebration of festivals. Indian festivals are not only a time for celebration and joy but also a reflection of the country’s cultural diversity and heritage. In this article An Indian Festival Paragraph, we will explore the importance of Indian festivals and how they contribute to preserving the country’s rich cultural identity.

An Indian Festival Paragraph

In this blog An Indian Festival Paragraph, we include the An Indian Festival Paragraph, in 100, 200, 250, and 300 words. Also cover the An Indian Festival Paragraph belonging to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and up to the 12th class. You can read more Essay Writing in 10 lines, and about sports, events, occasions, festivals, etc… An Indian Festival Paragraph is also available in different languages.

Overview Of Indian Festivals

India is a land of festivals, with each state having its unique set of traditions and celebrations. The country celebrates a plethora of festivals throughout the year, ranging from religious to cultural and secular. Some of the major festivals celebrated across India include Diwali, Holi, Durga Puja, Eid, Christmas, and New Year. Each festival has its significance and is celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm.

• Diwali, also known as the festival of lights, is one of the most widely celebrated festivals in India. It marks the victory of good over evil and symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness. People light diyas, decorate their homes with rangolis, and burst firecrackers to celebrate this festival.
• Holi, on the other hand, is a festival of colors and signifies the arrival of spring. People smear each other with colors, dance to music, and enjoy traditional sweets and snacks during the festival. Durga Puja, celebrated predominantly in West Bengal, is a ten-day-long festival that honors Goddess Durga and her victory over the demon Mahishasura.
• Eid is a significant Muslim festival celebrated across India and marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan. It is a time for prayers, feasting, and exchanging gifts with family and friends. Christmas and New Year are also celebrated with great fervor, with people decorating their homes, exchanging gifts, and enjoying delicious food and drinks.

Significance Of Indian Festivals

Indian festivals are not just celebrations but are associated with different myths, legends, and religious beliefs. Each festival has its significance and is rooted in the country’s cultural and religious traditions. Festivals provide a platform for people to express their cultural identity and showcase their traditional arts, music, and dance forms.

• For instance, during Durga Puja, people across West Bengal create elaborate pandals, depicting various themes and cultural aspects of the state.
• They also participate in traditional dance forms like Dandiya and Garba during Navratri, the nine-day-long festival that precedes Durga Puja.
• Similarly, during Diwali, people decorate their homes with intricate rangolis and light diyas to honor Lord Rama’s return to Ayodhya after defeating Ravana.

The Impact Of Indian Festivals On Society

Indian festivals play a significant role in promoting unity and harmony among people from different cultures and religions. During festivals, people come together, forget their differences, and celebrate as one community. Festivals provide a platform for people to connect with their roots and foster a sense of belongingness and pride in their cultural heritage.

Festivals also have a positive impact on the economy, with increased spending on food, clothing, and other items. For instance, during Diwali, people buy new clothes, sweets, and gifts, contributing significantly to the country’s economy.

The Importance Of Preserving Indian Festivals

Despite the significant cultural and social significance of Indian festivals, many of these celebrations are at risk of fading away. As India becomes more modernized and urbanized, the younger generations may not value these traditions as much as their parents and grandparents did. Many young people prefer to celebrate Western holidays and traditions, which they perceive as being more modern and fashionable.

• This shift away from Indian festivals has led to concerns about the preservation of the country’s cultural heritage. If these festivals are not preserved, India risks losing a crucial part of its identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is essential to take measures to ensure that these festivals continue to be celebrated and valued by future generations.
• One way to preserve Indian festivals is to raise awareness about their cultural and social significance. It is crucial to educate young people about the history and traditions associated with these festivals. Schools and colleges can play an important role in this by organizing cultural events and educational programs that highlight the significance of Indian festivals.
• Another way to preserve Indian festivals is to make them more accessible and inclusive. Often, festivals are restricted to certain communities or social groups, which can lead to the exclusion of others. Making festivals more inclusive can help to bring people from different backgrounds together and promote greater social harmony.
• In addition, it is crucial to support and encourage traditional arts and crafts associated with these festivals. Many traditional artisans and craftsmen have been practicing their crafts for generations, but are now facing challenges due to a lack of recognition and support. By promoting and supporting traditional arts and crafts, we can not only preserve these traditions but also help to promote the livelihoods of those who practice them.

In conclusion, Indian festivals are an integral part of the country’s rich cultural heritage. They bring people together, promote unity and harmony, and showcase the country’s diverse traditions and customs. It is crucial to continue celebrating these festivals in the face of modernization and globalization to preserve India’s unique cultural identity.

By celebrating Indian festivals, we can connect with our roots, promote unity, and foster a sense of pride in our cultural heritage. You can also read about An Indian Festival Paragraph in the given below link.

Read More: Festival Of Tripura Paragraph

FAQs On An Indian Festival Paragraph

Question 1. What is the Indian festival essay? Or an Indian festival paragraph?

Answer: The Indian festival essay would typically be an essay that explores the rich cultural heritage of India, its diverse religious traditions, and the colorful festivals that are celebrated throughout the year. It would discuss the historical and cultural significance of these festivals, their rituals and customs, and the social and spiritual dimensions of these celebrations.

It would also reflect on the spirit of unity and harmony that these festivals evoke, bringing people of different backgrounds together in a shared sense of celebration and joy.

Question 2. What is a festival paragraph?

Answer: A festival paragraph is a brief piece of writing that describes a festival or celebration. It typically includes information about the cultural or historical significance of the festival, the traditions and customs associated with it, and the ways in which it is celebrated.

The paragraph may also reflect on the social or spiritual dimensions of the festival and its significance for the community that celebrates it. Overall, a festival paragraph aims to capture the spirit and essence of a festival, conveying its richness and diversity to the reader.

Question 3. How do you write a Diwali paragraph?

Answer: Here is an example of a paragraph on Diwali:

Diwali, also known as the Festival of Lights, is one of the most important festivals in India. It is a five-day celebration that marks the triumph of good over evil and the victory of light over darkness.

During Diwali, people light diyas or earthen lamps to decorate their homes and temples and burst firecrackers to drive away evil spirits. The festival is also a time for family gatherings, feasting, and exchanging gifts. Overall, Diwali is a joyous and colorful festival that symbolizes the power of love, hope, and faith.

Question 4. What is a festival in 50 words?

Answer: A festival is a cultural or religious celebration that is marked by a special event or ceremony. It typically commemorates an important historical or mythological event or honors a particular deity or saint. Festivals often involve music, dance, food, and other forms of cultural expression, and serve as a means of promoting community solidarity and cultural heritage.

Question 5. Why do we celebrate festival 10 lines?

Answer: Here are 10 reasons why we celebrate festivals:

• To commemorate significant events or milestones in history or mythology.
• To express religious or spiritual devotion and seek blessings.
• To honor and remember our ancestors and forefathers.
• To promote cultural diversity and exchange.
• To strengthen social bonds and build community solidarity.
• To provide an opportunity for leisure and recreation.
• Enjoy good food and indulge in festive treats.
• To showcase traditional arts, crafts, and music.
• To instill a sense of pride in our cultural heritage and identity.
• To find joy, happiness, and hope amidst the challenges of life.

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Essay on Indian Festival

Students are often asked to write an essay on Indian Festival in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Indian Festival

Introduction.

India, known as the land of festivals, celebrates numerous events throughout the year. These festivals, rich in culture and traditions, bring people together in celebration.

Significance

Indian festivals are significant as they act as a medium of social interaction, promoting unity and diversity. They teach moral values and respect for all.

Types of Festivals

There are religious festivals like Diwali, Eid, Christmas, and cultural ones like Pongal and Baisakhi. Each festival has its unique customs and rituals.

Festivals in India are a true reflection of its cultural wealth. They bring joy, peace, and harmony, strengthening the social fabric of the country.

250 Words Essay on Indian Festival

India, a country of cultural diversity, is renowned for its myriad of colorful and vibrant festivals. These festivals, celebrated with great enthusiasm and joy, are an integral part of the Indian tradition, reflecting the country’s rich cultural heritage.

Cultural Significance

Each Indian festival carries a unique cultural significance. For instance, Diwali, the festival of lights, symbolizes the victory of light over darkness and knowledge over ignorance. Holi, the festival of colors, celebrates the arrival of spring, love, and end of winter. These festivals not only bring joy but also impart moral values, strengthening the social fabric.

Unity in Diversity

Despite the diverse cultural backgrounds, Indian festivals promote unity. Whether it’s Eid-ul-Fitr, Christmas, or Pongal, every festival is celebrated by people of all religions, transcending regional and religious boundaries. This unity in diversity is a testament to India’s secular ethos.

Impact on Economy

Indian festivals significantly impact the economy. They stimulate consumption, leading to a surge in demand for goods and services. From sweets and clothes to decorations and gifts, festivals drive a significant portion of economic activities.

In conclusion, Indian festivals are not just about celebrations, but they are a reflection of India’s cultural richness, unity, and economic vibrancy. They offer a unique way of seeing and understanding the diverse and complex cultural fabric of India, making them an integral part of the Indian identity.

500 Words Essay on Indian Festival

Significance of indian festivals.

Indian festivals are not merely about celebration; they also carry a profound philosophical message. They serve as a platform for communal harmony, as people from different religions, castes, and social backgrounds come together to celebrate. These festivals also act as a bridge to the past, connecting us to our ancestors and their traditions. They often revolve around the themes of victory of good over evil, harvest seasons, or commemoration of mythological events or deities.

Indian festivals can broadly be classified into religious, seasonal, and national festivals. Religious festivals like Diwali, Eid, Christmas, Navaratri, and Pongal are celebrated by different communities across the country. Seasonal festivals like Baisakhi and Makar Sankranti are centered around the agricultural cycle. National festivals like Republic Day, Independence Day, and Gandhi Jayanti are celebrated with patriotic fervor across the entire nation.

Role in Preserving Culture

Festivals play a crucial role in preserving and promoting the rich cultural heritage of India. They are the custodians of the country’s folk art forms, music, dance, and cuisine. The unique rituals, customs, and traditions associated with each festival offer a glimpse into the diverse cultural fabric of the country. For instance, the dance forms of Garba during Navaratri or Bhangra during Baisakhi are integral parts of these festivals.

Social Impact

Indian festivals also have a significant social impact. They foster a sense of community and belonging, reinforcing societal bonds. They provide an opportunity for families and friends to come together and celebrate, strengthening interpersonal relationships. Moreover, they also play a role in economic stimulation as festivals like Diwali and Eid lead to increased consumer spending, benefiting businesses and the economy.

In conclusion, Indian festivals are a vibrant and integral part of the country’s cultural identity. They serve as a mirror reflecting the diversity, unity, and rich heritage of India. As we celebrate these festivals, we not only partake in joy and festivities but also contribute to preserving and promoting our invaluable cultural legacy. In the midst of rapid modernization and globalization, these festivals are a reminder of our roots and the values that define us as a nation. They instill in us a sense of pride and belonging, reinforcing our Indian identity.

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• School Life

Independence Day Essay 2024: Short and Long Essay For School Students!

Independence day 2024: this article talks about short and long essay ideas in english for independence day . find here some of the best ideas in 10 lines, 100 words, 150 words, 250 words, and long format. .

Short Independence Day Essay in 100 Words

Independence Day is celebrated on 15th August every year to mark the country’s freedom from British rule in 1947. This day is a tribute to all those heroes who sacrificed their lives for the independence of the nation. 

It is our responsibility as the people of the country to honour them, especially on this day. On Independence Day, celebrations can be held at many places including schools as well. These activities include flag hoisting, patriotic speeches and other cultural events across the country. Many colleges also organise special programmes to honour the spirit of independence on this special day. 

On this day, the Prime Minister also addresses the nation from the Red Fort in Delhi, reflecting on the progress made and the changes that are being done for the good.  Independence Day reminds every Indian of the value of freedom and the responsibility to uphold it. So, let’s celebrate it with full enthusiasm. 

Short Independence Day Essay in 150 Words

India’s Independence Day is celebrated on 15 August every year, which marks the country’s freedom from British rule in 1947. The day symbolises the arduous struggle for independence which is led by many prominent leaders. Independence Day is a day for the citizens to reflect on the sacrifices that have been made by many people in the past to get India free from the rule of the Britishers. 

It is a day to encourage the students as well so that they can build a developed nation. Many programs are also held in the country like patriotic songs, cultural programs, and flag-hoisting ceremonies in schools and colleges that foster a sense of unity and pride among everyone. 

Long Independence Day Essay In 200 Words

Independence Day celebrated on August 15, every year holds great significance for every Indian. The day marks the anniversary of India’s freedom from British rule in 1947, nearly 200 years of colonial dominance.  It is a time to honour the countless freedom fighters who fought bravely for the freedom of the nation. 

Well, the celebration of Independence Day begins when the Prime Minister hoists the national flag at the Red Fort in Delhi. He/She also gives a speech highlighting the importance of the day and remembering all those heroes who sacrificed their lives for the freedom of the nation. 

This day is not just a commemoration of the past but also a reminder of the responsibilities that come with freedom. The day serves as an inspiration for all the citizens of the country to contribute towards the development of the nation and also uphold the values of democracy, equality, and freedom that the country was founded upon.

Independence Day is a celebration of the rich heritage of India, its culture and its people as well. It reminds every Indian of the importance of unity, the power of collective effort, and the significance of maintaining hard-won freedom for future generations.

Long Essay on Independence Day in 500 Words

Students can take the ideas from the above lines and then add on the below lines to complete the essay in 500 words. 

Independence Day, celebrated annually on August 15th, is one of the most important national holidays in India. The day marks the end of the freedom struggle from the British Raj. It is a day of immense pride, and the day to remember the sacrifices made by the many people to give the country freedom from the British Raj. 

Independence Day is celebrated with great enthusiasm across India. The day begins with the hoisting of the national flag, followed by the singing of the national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana." The most prominent ceremony takes place at the Red Fort in Delhi, where the Prime Minister hoists the flag and delivers a speech to the nation. This speech reflects on the country's achievements, the struggles of the past and how they have been curbed to develop the country for the better. 

Schools, colleges, and other institutions also organise various events,  that include flag-hoisting ceremonies, cultural programs, and patriotic performances. These activities help instil a sense of national pride among the school students, reminding them of the sacrifices made by their forebears.

Independence Day is a powerful symbol of India's journey from being the slave of Britishers to finally getting freedom. It is a day to honour the past, celebrate the present, and inspire future generations to continue the work of building a developed nation. As India moves forward, Independence Day will always serve as a reminder of the power of unity, resilience, and the enduring spirit of freedom.

• Independence Day is celebrated as a national holiday in India with great enthusiasm. 
• Schools and colleges organise various events, including parades, speeches and cultural performances to mark the importance of this day. 
• It is a day to remind the endless struggles of all the freedom fighters for the sacrifices they made to make the country free. 
• The national anthem ‘Jana Gana Mana’ is also being sung with pride, invoking a deep sense of patriotism among the citizens. 
• On the special day, the Prime Minister also gives a speech to reflect on the progress made since Independence.
• The day unites people of different cultures and brings them together to celebrate the special day. 
• Independence Day also serves as a reminder to uphold the values of democracy, equality and justice. 
• Many children and adults participate in kite flying, which has been a traditional activity since long. 
• The Indian tricolour flag is also hoisted across the country to symbolise unity and freedom.
• This day is an important day to mark the sacrifices of many and also to be ready for the future. 
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34 Facts About Balashikha

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Modified & Updated: 29 Jul 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Balashikha, a vibrant city situated in the Moscow Oblast of Russia, is a captivating blend of rich history, cultural heritage, and modern developments. As you delve into the heart of Balashikha, you'll discover a myriad of fascinating facts that unveil the essence and allure of this dynamic locale. From its intriguing historical landmarks to its flourishing arts and cultural scene, Balashikha beckons visitors to explore its multifaceted identity.

In this article, we'll embark on a journey to unravel 34 captivating facts about Balashikha, offering a comprehensive glimpse into its past, present, and future. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an avid traveler , or simply curious about this enchanting city, these facts will provide an enriching insight into the unique tapestry of Balashikha. Let's venture into the realm of Balashikha and uncover the wonders that await within its embrace .

Key Takeaways:

• Balashikha, a city in Russia, has over 215,000 residents and offers a vibrant cultural scene with museums, theaters, and traditional festivals. It’s a blend of tradition and modernity, making it a captivating destination for exploration and discovery.
• Nestled on the banks of the picturesque Pekhorka River, Balashikha embraces its natural surroundings, providing tranquil retreats like the Balashikha Forest Park and the Botanical Garden. The city’s diverse cultural tapestry invites visitors to savor unique flavors and traditions.

Balashikha is a city in Russia.

Located in the Moscow Oblast, Balashikha is a prominent city in the Moscow metropolitan area, known for its rich history and cultural significance.

The city has a population of over 215,000 people.

Balashikha is home to a diverse community, with a population of over 215,000 residents contributing to the city's vibrant atmosphere.

Balashikha is situated on the Pekhorka River.

The picturesque Pekhorka River flows through the city, adding to the natural beauty and charm of Balashikha.

The city experiences a humid continental climate.

Balashikha's climate is characterized by distinct seasonal changes, with warm summers and cold winters shaping the local environment.

Balashikha is known for its cultural landmarks.

The city boasts a rich cultural heritage, with numerous landmarks and attractions that reflect its historical and artistic significance.

The Balashikha Museum of History and Art is a popular cultural institution.

This renowned museum showcases the city's history and artistic achievements, offering visitors a captivating journey through Balashikha's past and present.

The city has a strong industrial presence.

Balashikha is home to various industries, contributing to the economic vitality and development of the region.

Balashikha is in close proximity to Moscow.

The city's strategic location near the Russian capital provides residents with convenient access to the cultural and economic opportunities offered by Moscow.

The Balashikha Arena is a prominent sports and entertainment venue.

This modern arena hosts a wide range of events, including sports competitions, concerts, and cultural performances, enriching the city's entertainment scene.

Balashikha has a rich tradition of folk music and dance.

The city's cultural heritage is celebrated through vibrant folk music and traditional dance performances , showcasing the local artistic talent.

The Balashikha Forest Park offers a tranquil natural retreat.

Residents and visitors can enjoy the serene beauty of the Balashikha Forest Park, a peaceful escape from the urban bustle.

The city's economy is diverse and dynamic.

Balashikha's economic landscape encompasses various sectors, fostering growth and innovation within the local business community.

Balashikha has a network of educational institutions.

The city is committed to providing quality education, with a network of schools and colleges catering to the academic needs of its residents.

The Balashikha Central Market is a bustling hub of commerce.

This vibrant market showcases local produce, crafts, and goods, serving as a focal point for economic activity and community interaction.

Balashikha is known for its traditional cuisine.

The city's culinary traditions reflect a blend of flavors and recipes unique to Balashikha, offering a delightful culinary experience for food enthusiasts.

The Balashikha Drama Theater is a cultural gem.

The theater enriches the city's cultural scene with captivating performances, showcasing the talent and creativity of local and international artists.

Balashikha has a strong sense of community spirit.

The city's residents are known for their warm hospitality and strong community bonds, creating a welcoming and inclusive environment.

The Balashikha Music School nurtures young talent.

Aspiring musicians receive quality training at the music school, contributing to the city's vibrant music culture and artistic legacy .

Balashikha celebrates traditional festivals and events.

The city's calendar is filled with colorful festivals and events that highlight its cultural diversity and heritage, attracting visitors from near and far.

The Balashikha History and Architecture Museum preserves the city's legacy.

This esteemed museum showcases the architectural heritage and historical legacy of Balashikha, offering valuable insights into the city's evolution over time.

Balashikha is a hub for creative arts and crafts.

Artisans and crafters contribute to the city's creative tapestry, producing unique works of art that reflect Balashikha's artistic identity.

The city has a strong tradition of winter sports.

Balashikha's winter sports enthusiasts enjoy a range of activities, from ice skating to skiing, embracing the winter season with enthusiasm and energy.

Balashikha's architectural landmarks are a testament to its history.

The city's architectural marvels stand as a testament to its rich history, with iconic buildings and structures shaping its urban landscape.

The Balashikha Youth Theater fosters young talent.

Aspiring actors and performers find a platform for artistic expression at the youth theater, contributing to the city's vibrant cultural scene.

Balashikha's public parks offer recreational spaces for residents.

The city's well-maintained parks provide residents with inviting spaces for leisure, relaxation, and outdoor activities.

The Balashikha Philharmonic Society promotes musical excellence.

Musical enthusiasts can indulge in captivating performances at the philharmonic society, where talented musicians showcase their artistry.

Balashikha's local businesses contribute to its economic vitality.

The entrepreneurial spirit thrives in Balashikha, with local businesses playing a significant role in driving the city's economic growth and prosperity.

The Balashikha City History Museum chronicles the city's past.

Visitors can explore the city's historical narrative at the history museum, delving into the events and milestones that have shaped Balashikha's identity.

Balashikha's cultural diversity is reflected in its cuisine.

The city's culinary landscape mirrors its cultural diversity, offering a delightful array of flavors and culinary traditions for residents and visitors to savor.

The Balashikha Puppet Theater captivates audiences of all ages.

Young and old alike are enchanted by the puppet theater's enchanting performances, adding a touch of magic to the city's cultural offerings.

Balashikha's natural surroundings inspire artistic expression.

Artists and creatives draw inspiration from the city's natural beauty, infusing their works with the essence of Balashikha's scenic landscapes.

The Balashikha City Library is a treasure trove of knowledge.

Enthusiastic readers and scholars find a wealth of literary resources at the city library, fostering a love for learning and intellectual exploration .

Balashikha's vibrant street markets showcase local craftsmanship.

The city's street markets buzz with activity, offering an eclectic mix of handmade crafts and artisanal products that reflect Balashikha's creative spirit.

The Balashikha Botanical Garden is a haven of tranquility.

Nature enthusiasts can immerse themselves in the beauty of the botanical garden, where diverse plant species create a serene and enchanting environment.

Balashikha, a city brimming with cultural vibrancy and historical significance, offers a tapestry of experiences for residents and visitors alike. From its rich artistic heritage to its thriving economic landscape, Balashikha embodies a harmonious blend of tradition and modernity. With a population of over 215,000 people, the city exudes a strong sense of community spirit, fostering warm hospitality and inclusive camaraderie. Nestled on the banks of the picturesque Pekhorka River, Balashikha embraces its natural surroundings, providing tranquil retreats such as the Balashikha Forest Park and the Botanical Garden. The city's cultural scene thrives with institutions like the Balashikha Museum of History and Art, the Drama Theater, and the Philharmonic Society, showcasing the talent and creativity of local artists. Balashikha's culinary delights, traditional festivals, and vibrant street markets reflect its diverse cultural tapestry, inviting visitors to savor the flavors and traditions unique to the city. As a hub for education, creativity, and economic dynamism, Balashikha continues to evolve while preserving its architectural landmarks and historical legacy, making it a captivating destination for exploration and discovery.

In conclusion, Balashikha is a city of rich history, vibrant culture, and breathtaking natural beauty. From its fascinating historical landmarks to its modern amenities, Balashikha offers a diverse range of experiences for visitors and residents alike. Whether you're exploring the city's architectural marvels, indulging in its culinary delights, or immersing yourself in its artistic heritage, Balashikha has something to captivate every soul. With its strategic location near Moscow and an array of recreational opportunities, Balashikha stands as a testament to the harmonious blend of tradition and progress. This city is a hidden gem waiting to be discovered, and its allure is bound to leave an indelible mark on anyone who has the pleasure of experiencing it.

What are some must-visit attractions in Balashikha? Balashikha boasts several must-visit attractions, including the iconic Balashikha Arena, the serene Pechorka Park, and the historic Church of the Resurrection.

What are the best times of the year to visit Balashikha? The best times to visit Balashikha are during the spring and summer months when the weather is pleasant, and outdoor activities and festivals are in full swing.

Balashikha's fascinating history, vibrant culture, and modern developments make it a city worth exploring. Uncover more intriguing facts about other cities in the Moscow Oblast, such as the captivating Kolomna . Dive into the unique stories of Russian cities like Orenburg, each offering its own distinctive charm and character.

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Bridgnorth's music and arts festival ready for its return – find out what's planned

A popular cultural festival is set to return to Bridgnorth later this month, promising a “sterling line-up of original live music, poetry and art”.

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Bridgnorth Music & Arts Festival returns next Thursday and the four-day event is welcoming new partners for 2024 that are set to secure its future.

The festival has become a popular addition to the town’s cultural calendar since its inception in 2006.

After a three-year hiatus due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the festival made a triumphant return in 2023, and the town is eagerly preparing for another spectacular edition in 2024.

Organiser Jennifer Bone, of Bridgnorth Festival, said: "We are absolutely delighted to be back for another year, especially with the addition of our new partners. Our fantastic local businesses are integral to the town's fabric and are now key players in making our festival an unforgettable experience for the town.”

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• Russia-InfoCentre - Balashikha, Russia

Balashikha , city, east-central Moscow oblast (region), western European Russia . It is situated 15 miles (25 km) east of Moscow on the banks of the Pekhorka River.

Balashikha developed in the 19th century, first as the site of a cloth factory and later as a centre for papermaking. In Soviet times it underwent rapid growth and was incorporated in 1939. The city is now a heavy-industrial centre, specializing in machine building. Balashikha’s 19th-century townscape contrasts markedly with the newer sections. Pop. (2010) 215,494; (2014 est.) 247,075.

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Book festival chief admits she feared new home would not be ready for this August

The new director of the Edinburgh International Book Festival has admitted she feared that it could have been left homeless this year.

Jenny Niven has admitted that she feared that its planned new bass at the Edinburgh Futures Institute was not going to be ready shortly after starting in her role in the autumn.

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The complex, which has been created at the former Edinburgh Royal Infirmary on Lauriston Place, was only opened to the public by Edinburgh University at the beginning of June after a seven-year project.

And the “village green” space which is playing host to many of its events and its bookshop was only brought into use for the first time when the first events were staged at the weekend.

The book festival spent three years at Edinburgh College of Art's campus after relocating from its long-time home in Charlotte Square Garden, in August 2011, when the event returned after being forced to go completely online by the Covid pandemic.

A new long-term home for the festival, first staged in 1983, was announced in May 2022 by the then director Nick Barley, who pledged that it would offer an “unforgettable experience” for audiences and authors.

However Mr Barley announced last February that he would be stepping down after the 2023 festival.

Ms Niven, who started as director in September, said there was a question mark over whether the festival would even have a venue for this August.

Speaking at one of the first events at the EFI site, she said: “The Edinburgh Futures Institute is amazing. It has been in the works for a while that we were going to move here.

"But as with any capital project, it has had its ups and downs.

"There was a slightly hairy moment in September when I had just taken on this job when it looked like it wasn’t going to be finished.

"When I came into the building at that time they were literally still piecing parts of it together.

"The architects have done an incredible job. You can clearly see the heritage of the building and what it was used for in the past. You could see that even more clearly when bits of it were exposed.

"We are doing an amazing project, Words From the Wards. The whole point of it is to connect with people who knew the building when it was a hospital, and worked here, were born here or had their children here.” 

Ms Niven, who was speaking to author and broadcaster Yassmin Abdel-Magied, reflected on some of the over challenges faced by the festival, including reduced ticket sales, controversy over its Baillie Gifford sponsorship and uncertainty over its future public funding.

She added: "The festival is still a transitional point in a lot of ways, post-Covid.

“For instance, there isn’t a clear set of data about ticket sales from the last few years. 

"It’s quite hard to make plans and projections when the last few years have been so all over the place.

"There was consistent growth - and some might say too much growth - during the period between 2014 and 2019. Things got bigger and bigger and bigger, and there were pieces of funding which made that possible.

“Everything changed in 2020. We have been building things without a consistent bedrock, in a way. ”Public funding is a really strange spot at the moment. Everybody in the Scottish cultural sector will find out shortly what their new public funding settlements are.

"As you know, we had our own challenges from within the writing community, who objected to our Baillie Gifford sponsorship, which came up with Greta Thunberg’s withdrawal from the programme this time last year.

"If you had said to me six months before that that was on the cards I might not have believed you.

“It was a total curveball. It’s been really difficult and we still have got a lot to learn from that.”

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In “The Texas Chain Saw Massacre,” Feeding Your Family Comes First

It begins with not one, not two, but three prologues, each spiked with a different kind of horror. First, a scrolling text suggesting that this all really happened to the “five youths” we are about to meet, even though it didn’t. Second, glimpses of cadavers in oily Caravaggio light, culminating in a long, sociopathically calm shot of the ruined graveyard where they’ve been dug up. Third, footage of solar flares, combined with reports of nationwide disaster. What the sun has to do with anything on Earth will never be explained, though it seems significant that when we meet our five fatted calves they’re talking about astrology. (Seventies horror movies, from “Jaws” to “Invasion of the Body Snatchers,” were full of chirpy, vaguely countercultural types.) We also learn that they are driving to the little town of Newt, Texas, out of concern for ancestors who were buried in that graveyard, because what could be more virtuous than caring for your family, in death as in life?

Being such a decent bunch, the group stops to pick up a hitchhiker, who turns out to be twangy-voiced, obsessed with meat, and deranged. His family once worked at the local slaughterhouse, but their jobs have been automated into oblivion, leaving them with nothing but nostalgia for their old day-to-day. To turn a cow into food, he says, “they take the head and they boil it, except for the tongue, and scrape all the flesh away from the bone. They use everything—they don’t throw nothing away!” Explaining all this to a van full of permed, bell-bottomed city kids seems to excite him almost as much as it disgusts them, and it may disgust you, too. But in the world of “The Texas Chain Saw Massacre”—which may, even fifty years on , just be the world—killing and looking out for your family are so closely tied as to be almost the same.

Famous horror directors tend to get pestered for origin stories. Being polite people, for the most part, they usually oblige, which is how I know that an elementary-school bully named Fred Kruger beat up Wes Craven, the six-year-old Alfred Hitchcock was sent to an actual jail cell, and little Brian De Palma used to visit the hospital where his father worked to giggle at the gore. When Tobe Hooper died, in 2017, having directed several worthy films but only one “Texas Chain Saw Massacre,” various juicy-sounding bits made the rounds. Growing up in Austin, he met a doctor who mentioned a Halloween mask made from human flesh. An aunt in Wisconsin told him about Ed Gein, the killer who converted corpses into lampshades. Years later, he was on the U.T. Austin campus the day an ex-marine named Charles Whitman climbed to the top of the clock tower and murdered passersby with a hunting rifle. He was rattled by the image of his mother having a lung removed.

The implication of these kinds of stories, or, at least, of the media’s demand for them, is that horror requires some deep psychological wound, that you’d choose to spend your life scaring people only because something scary happened to you first. There may be a dribble of truth in this, though nobody seems to demand similar explanations from, say, action directors. It’s especially ironic in Hooper’s case; few modern horror films are less interested in psychological backstory than “The Texas Chain Saw Massacre.” We’re told next to nothing about the victims’ relationships with one another, or their lives back home. No childhood trauma lurks behind the killers the way it does for Norman Bates or Michael Myers. If any -ology helps us understand these people, it’s sociology: assembly-line slaughter makes the underclasses deranged; technology makes them irrelevant; unemployment makes them hungry. Scarcity underlies almost everything the characters do, whether they’re killers or not—like that other stagflation classic, “Mad Max,” this is a story about precious fuel and the lengths some people will go to get it. The youths discover a household of cannibals because their van is low on gas and they hear a generator somewhere. Later, one of the cannibals takes care to switch off all the lights in his store—power bills being enough to “drive a man outta business”—before going off to feast on the alternative energy source he and his family have discovered.

Scarcity was an apt theme for Hooper’s film, which cost something like a hundred and forty thousand dollars to make, and features a community theatre’s worth of small-timers and first-timers. The shoot was probably illegal a dozen times over: the narrator who reads the scrolling prologue text had to be paid in weed, and the art director, unable to afford prop animal carcasses, drove around picking up actual skulls and roadkill. A graduate student named Gunnar Hansen was cast as the masked, lumbering Leatherface, the cannibal family’s designated executioner. Since there was no money for a backup costume, he wore the same clothes seven days a week, for up to sixteen hours a day, while the weather hovered around a hundred degrees Fahrenheit. I get the sense, listening to interviews with some of the actors, that they consider the rest of their lives a vacation.

The film’s first half hour strides curtly forward, doling out the who and the where and the what, with occasional twitches of lyricism in between—a dead armadillo by the side of the highway, say, or a long, mournful shot of the van as it drives off to certain doom. You can’t learn about how this film was made without gagging, but you can’t watch the results without marvelling: not one frame or line or sound effect goes to waste, since Hooper couldn’t afford any, and this gives everything a tautness that you sense somewhere in the gut before the mind catches up. Throwaway lines about barbecue and cuddly animals and planets in retrograde are, naturally, not throwaway at all, a point the script makes comically obvious when Franklin, who uses a wheelchair, asks his sister Sally, the only youth who’ll survive, if she believes in astrology. She replies, “Everything means something, I guess.”

Decades of bickering about the violence in the film—some viewers insisting that it’s too bloody, others that most of the blood is in our imaginations—has distracted from its visual beauty. This seems important to stress, since beauty, along with sociology, is what Hooper gives us in lieu of direct answers. When one of the youths walks through the cannibals’ house, she finds a room full of remains, some animal and some human. It’s an astonishing sequence, only two minutes long but seemingly an hour, scored to the clucks of a caged chicken, and stuffed with closeups of skulls intercut with the woman’s face so as to suggest one about to become the other. What’s astonishing isn’t only the lushness that Hooper finds in this deathly place. (I’ve thought too much about a certain shot of sunlight shining through a translucent bone.) It’s the fact that we seem to be looking at decorations —that, somewhere between killing and eating, these people have spared the time to make their house look prettier, for no other reason than to make their lives a little less miserable.

So far, I haven’t really talked about why “The Texas Chain Saw Massacre” is frightening, but in scenes like this it becomes not only frightening but haunting. The usual things we’re invited to take comfort in during a horror movie—the stability of the household, the loved ones who live there—are here just another piece of the horror. Who, we might ask, is this film’s true villain? Does it even have one? Leatherface does most of the killing but takes no obvious pleasure in it, and in any case Hooper instructed Hansen to play the character as mentally disabled. The hitchhiker does seem to relish the cannibal life style, but notice, too, how well his attentiveness to his grandfather, who seems unable to walk, contrasts with the way the city kids tease Franklin for a similar condition. Toward the end of the film, it is the hitchhiker who drags Sally to his elder and invites him to kill her with a hammer, apparently because the frail old man enjoys this kind of thing and could use some excitement. In how many other films is the most frightening act one of the few compassionate ones?

Extinction seems likely for these cannibals, but, a half century later, “The Texas Chain Saw Massacre” has sired a vast brood of art-house and grind-house films. Stanley Kubrick, a superfan, must have been thinking of Hooper when he conceived of those moments in “The Shining” when the ghosts drink and dance. I sense more Hooper, by way of Kubrick, in Jordan Peele’s three films so far, with their knack for scattering little clues about racism and surveillance and consumerist apathy as though the monsters onscreen are representatives of much looser, deadlier forces. I also can’t help but wonder if Cormac McCarthy, decades away from “No Country for Old Men,” was paying attention when the hitchhiker explains that the slaughterhouse has switched to killing cattle with an air gun. (De Palma, at some pre-“Body Double” date, certainly was.)

On the grind-house end of things, Hooper is still celebrated, when he’s not being reviled, for inspiring an avalanche of hardware-store butchery and final girls. The second trope is a curious one, because in nearly every later film to make use of it the female lead is rewarded for being clever or kind or virginal or brave or, if she’s Jamie Lee Curtis in “Halloween,” all of the above. There is no obvious reason that Hooper chooses Sally to survive the carnage—her brother is the far more likable, fleshed-out character. She gets lucky, and that is all. When the cannibals are preparing to kill her, there is an unforgettable closeup of her wide, bloodshot eye, which is both the window to the soul and just another potential source of energy, like gasoline, itself just the remainder of million-year-old plants, which get their energy from the big, yellow fireball in the sky. Everything, in this grim astrology, means something, and that something is fuel. And, at that point, there is nothing to do but run, very fast, to the highway and hope that the pickup truck on the horizon brakes for hitchhikers. ♦

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Artists and Activists Both Have a Role. But Not the Same One.

As the literary world is roiled by fights over politics and war, are we losing sight of the writer’s purpose?

Credit... Photo illustration by Derek Brahney

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By Phil Klay

Phil Klay is a novelist and an essayist and a Marine Corps veteran of the Iraq war.

• Aug. 5, 2024

Two decades ago, I was a public-affairs officer in the Marine Corps, a public-relations guy for the military, tasked with “telling the Marine Corps story” and providing accurate information about military operations to maintain the trust of the American people. We weren’t propagandists — we told the truth, and in Iraq we welcomed plenty of embedded reporters who we knew would write extremely skeptical articles on the progress of the war — but there were fairly tight borders around what the military thought the American people needed to know.

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Coming back from Iraq in 2008, though, I had a set of stories that didn’t fit perfectly with the official one I had a license to tell. Some were things I’d seen, things I could report on in a journalistic way, sure of the facts, but others were things I’d heard, stories that I couldn’t vouch for personally but that, passed to me by word of mouth and preserved in my memory, that unstable medium, nevertheless seemed to express something true and unsettling.

One was told to me by a young combat correspondent, a Marine whose job in the corps was writing articles and making videos about the work we were doing. He had been in Ramadi when a suicide bomber detonated among a crowd of civilians, killing and grievously wounding dozens. The local unit took the injured to the Ramadi combat hospital, where Navy doctors, nurses and corpsmen got to work as Marines lined up to donate blood.

Horrible slaughter in a region of Iraq where violence has spiraled out of control does not make for a good news story, but there were messages the Marine Corps was happy to put out: that unlike our barbaric enemy, who brutally murdered men, women and children, we cared about Iraqi civilians and would work tirelessly to save lives. And so this young combat correspondent asked one of the Navy surgeons, who for long hours had been feverishly working among the mangled and bloody innocents, to give an interview. And because the only quiet place was the room where they had placed and bagged the dead, the cameraman set up near the bodies of all the people they had failed to save.

Undoubtedly, the doctor knew what messages he was supposed to deliver to the camera, and undoubtedly, he believed in them, too — that he had a noble mission to carry out, and that his noble colleagues were dedicated and skilled and humane. Nor was he new to death. He was a surgeon in a shock-trauma platoon in the most violent city in Iraq, all too familiar with amputating limbs, with stitching intestines back together, with treating burns that devoured faces, ears and fingers. That day could not have been the first time he bowed his head as the chaplain whispered prayers over those who died on the table. But before the interview started and the red light of the camera turned on, he took a moment, sat down among the dead and quietly wept. The young Marine cameraman stood there, silent, patient, and waited for the doctor to collect himself so he could tell his story about the good will of the American military, whose invasion had unleashed this chaos.

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In pictures: Garma 2024

The Garma Festival is the best chance many Australians get to experience the rich culture of the Yolŋu, and the vibrant beauty of their land.

For a photographer, it's a dreamscape.

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